Textbook of Therapeutic Cortical Stimulation.

Intro -- TEXTBOOK OF THERAPEUTIC CORTICAL STIMULATION -- TEXTBOOK OF THERAPEUTIC CORTICAL STIMULATION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- BASIC ASPECTS -- Chapter 1 ANATOMICAL METHODS OF CORTICAL LOCALIZATION -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS OF LOCALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL AND LATERAL SULCI -- A- Craniometric Methods -- 1) Broca-Championnière -- 2) Reid -- 3) Poirier -- 4) Taylor-Haughton -- 5) Rhoton -- B-Image-Guided Methods -- 1) Kido -- 2) Iwasaki -- 3) Naidich -- 4) Yousry -- 5) Park -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 FROM LOCALIZATION TO SURGICAL IMPLANTATION -- INTRODUCTION -- ANATOMICAL LOCALIZATION -- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL LOCALIZATION -- LOCALIZATION BY FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI) -- NEURONAVIGATION -- TECHNIQUES OF IMPLANTATION -- 1-Epidural Single Burr-Hole (Figure 4) -- 2-Two Epidural Burr-Holes (Figure 5) -- 3-Epidural Bone flap -- 4-Subdural Method -- COMPLICATIONS -- SAFETY OF STIMULATORS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL IMPLANTATION AND COMPLICATION AVOIDANCE -- INTRODUCTION -- PRINCIPLES OF IMPLANTATION -- A-Surgical procedure (Figures 1-3) -- STEP 1. Operative Position and Craniotomy -- STEP 2. Intra-operative Cortical Brain Mapping (iBM) -- STEP 3. Epidural Electrode Fixation and Closure -- STEP 4. Clinical Observations after MCS -- B-Improving Functional Targeting -- 1-Awake Surgery -- 2-Combining Independent Functional Targeting Techniques -- C-Optimizing Cortical Stimulation -- 1-Electrode Orientation -- 2-Subdural Positioning -- 3-Large Electrode Design -- 4-Stimulation of the Healthy or Ipsilateral (to Symptoms) Hemisphere -- PRINCIPLES OF COMPLICATIONS AVOIDANCE -- 1-Infection -- 2-Induced Seizures /Involuntary Movements -- 3-Increased Pain Sensation -- 4-Loss of Effect -- 5-Electrode and Cable Damage -- 6-Local Hyperesthesic Phenomena -- 7-Comfort Issues -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 4 TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC AND DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION: A PRIMER -- INTRODUCTION -- 1A. TMS: BASIC PRINCIPLES -- 1B. TDCS: BASIC PRINCIPLES -- 2A.TMS DEVICES AND STIMULATION PROTOCOLS -- A-Single-pulse TMS (sTMS) -- B-Paired-pulse TMS (pTMS) -- C-Repetitive TMS (rTMS) -- 2B. TDCS DEVICES AND STIMULATION PROTOCOLS -- SAFETY ISSUES -- A: -- B: -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 MECHANISMS OF ACTION -- INTRODUCTION -- SINGLE PULSE STIMULATION -- 1-Transcranial Electrical Stimulation -- 2-Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation -- A-Posterior-anterior Induced Current in the Brain (Figure-of-eight Coil) -- B-Latero-medial Induced Current in the Brain (Figure-of-eight Coil) -- C-Anterior-posterior Induced Current in the Brain (Figure-of-eight Coil) -- D-Biphasic Magnetic Stimulation (Figure-of-eight Coil) -- E-Non-focal Stimulation of the Brain (Circular Coil) -- 3-Extradural Cortical Stimulation -- REPETITIVE STIMULATION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX -- CONCLUSIONS (FIGURE 1) -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETER SELECTION AND ELECTRICAL TARGETING -- INTRODUCTION -- THE TWO-PIECE PROBLEM -- 1-Generation of Electric Fields (Box 2) -- A-Conductive Properties of Anatomical Structures Involved in ECS -- B-Properties of Epidural Electrodes -- C-Electrode-tissue Interface -- D-Regulated Current vs. Regulated Voltage Stimulation -- E-Simulation of ECS -- F-Influence of Electrode Parameters -- 2-Properties of Neuronal Stimulation -- A-Pulse Duration -- B-Efficiency of Stimulation -- C-Spatial and Fiber Diameter Selectivity -- D-Electrode Polarity -- E-Biphasic Pulses and Prepulses -- F-Frequency -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 A NEUROENGINEERING MODEL OF EXTRADURAL CORTICAL STIMULATION -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ECS STIMULATING SYSTEM -- MODELING METHOD -- 1. Volume Conductor Model -- 2. Models of the Neural Elements.

MODELING RESULTS -- 1. Stimulus-imposed Electrical Field -- 2. Activating Functions -- 3. Neuronal Responses -- DISCUSSION -- 1. Control of Stimulus-imposed Electrical Field -- 2. Which Nerve Cells of the Motor Cortex are Affected by MI ECS? -- 3. Comparison with Empirical Data -- 3.1. Experimental Data -- 3.2. Clinical Data -- 4. Model Limitations -- CONCLUSIONS: HOW DOES MI ECS WORK? -- REFERENCES -- CLINICAL CONDITIONS -- CHRONIC PAIN -- Chapter 8 NONINVASIVE STIMULATION FOR CHRONIC PAIN -- INTRODUCTION -- 1-EFFICACY -- 2-PARAMETERS OF STIMULATION -- 3-SITE OF STIMULATION -- 4-ONSET AND DURATION OF ANALGESIA -- 5-TYPES AND LOCATION OF RESPONSIVE PAINS -- 6-MECHANISMS OF ACTION -- 7-CAN TMS HELP SELECT PATIENTS FOR ECS? -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 EXTRADURAL CORTICAL STIMULATION FOR CENTRAL PAIN -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS -- PROGRAMMING -- ADVERSE AND UNUSUAL EFFECTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 EXTRADURAL CORTICAL STIMULATION FOR PERIPHERAL (INCLUDING TRIGEMINAL) NEUROPATHIC PAIN -- INTRODUCTION -- 1-REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE -- 1-Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain (TNP) -- 2-Brachial Plexus Avulsion Pain -- 3-Phantom Limb Pain -- 4-Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) -- 5-Complex Regional Pain Syndrome -- 2-PERSONAL EXPERIENCE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 NEUROIMAGING AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ECS FOR CHRONIC PAIN -- INTRODUCTION -- REVIEW OF STUDIES -- INTERPRETATION -- REFERENCES -- MOVEMENT DISORDERS -- Chapter 12 NONINVASIVE STIMULATION FOR TREATMENT OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS -- INTRODUCTION -- PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD) -- 1-Alteration of Cortical Excitability in PD -- 2-Repetitive Transcranial Stimulation (rTMS) for Treatment of PD -- 3-Mechanisms of Action of rTMS on PD -- 4-TDCS in Parkinson's Disease -- DYSTONIA -- 1-Alteration of Cortical Excitability in Dystonia.

2-Repetitive Transcranial Stimulation (rTMS) for Treatment for Dystonia -- 3-Mechanisms of rTMS in Dystonia -- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 INVASIVE CORTICAL STIMULATION FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1-PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD) AND PARKINSONISM -- A-Review of the Literature -- B-Personal Experience -- 2-PURE AKINESIA -- 3-ESSENTIAL TREMOR -- 4-DYSTONIA -- 5-POST-STROKE MOVEMENT DISORDERS -- 6-AMYOTHOPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13B INVASIVE CORTICAL STIMULATION FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD): WHY, WHERE AND HOW -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPLAINING EFFECTS -- A- Why does Modulation of the Primary Motor Cortex (MI) Improve Motor Symptoms in PD? -- B- Why are Effects of Unilateral Stimulation Bilateral? -- IS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX THE ONLY PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX? -- IS THERE A HOMUNCULUS IN MI? -- WHAT IS THE MOTOR CORTEX? -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- STROKE REHABILITATION -- Chapter 14 NONINVASIVE STIMULATION FOR STROKE REHABILITATION -- INTRODUCTION -- THE "RIVALRY" MODEL: A POSSIBLE RATIONALE FOR APPLYING RTMS IN STROKE -- SAFETY OF RTMS IN STROKE PATIENTS -- RTMS DELIVERED ON THE AFFECTED HEMISPHERE IN STROKE RECOVERY -- RTMS DELIVERED TO THE HEALTHY HEMISPHERE IN STROKE RECOVERY -- A- Single Session Studies -- B- Multiple Sessions Studies -- RTMS AND AND RECOVERY OF NON MOTOR FUNCTION AFTER-STROKE -- A- Aphasia -- B- Contralesional Visuospatial Hemineglect -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 EXTRADURAL CORTICAL STIMULATION FOR STROKE RECOVERY -- PART A: REVIEW OF CLINICAL STUDIES -- INTRODUCTION -- CLINICAL STUDIES OF EXTRADURAL CORTICAL STIMULATION -- SUGGESTED MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF MOTOR RECOVERY -- 1-Reactivation of Plasticity -- 2-Local Enhancement of Perilesional Areas -- 3-Enhancement of Network Function.

4-Amplification of Sensory Input -- MECHANISM OF APHASIA RECOVERY -- PART B: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE -- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION -- OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT -- 1A-Choice of Target for Motor Recovery -- Clinical Cases -- 1B-Choice of Target for Aphasia Recovery -- 2-Single Versus Multiple Stimulation -- Clinical Case -- 3-Parameters of Stimulation -- 4-Duration of Stimulation -- 5-Technique of Implantation -- A-Types of Electrodes -- B-Preoperative Mapping -- C-Craniotomy and Electrode Implantation -- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT -- OUTCOME OF ECS AND PREDICTORS OF GOOD OUTCOME -- PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- COMA REHABILITATION -- Chapter 16 EXTRADURAL BIFOCAL CORTICAL STIMULATION FOR THE POST-TRAUMATIC PERMANENT VEGETATIVE STATE -- INTRODUCTION -- RATIONALE FOR ECS -- CHOICE OF TARGET -- STUDY HIGHLIGHTS -- REFERENCES -- PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS -- Chapter 17 INVASIVE AND NON-INVASIVE STIMULATION FOR PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS -- 1- MAJOR DEPRESSION -- Review of Clinical Trials -- 2-SCHIZOPHRENIA -- Review of Clinical Trials - Positive Symptoms -- Review of Clinical Trials - Negative Symptoms -- 3-ANXIETY AND PANIC DISORDER -- Review of Clinical Trials -- 4-POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) -- Review of Clinical Trials -- 5- OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER -- Review of Clinical Trials -- 6-CRAVING -- Review of Clinical Trials -- REFERENCES -- EPILEPSY -- Chapter 18 CORTICAL STIMULATION FOR MEDICALLY REFRACTORY EPILEPSY -- INTRODUCTION -- 1-THERAPEUTIC SUBDURAL CORTICAL STIMULATION -- 2-NONINVASIVE CORTICAL STIMULATION -- 3-CHRONIC INVASIVE CORTICAL STIMULATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19 CLOSED-LOOP STIMULATION FOR CONTROL OF FOCAL EPILEPSY -- INTRODUCTION -- RESPONSIVE STIMULATION THERAPY FOR EPILEPSY -- THE NEUROPACE SYSTEM -- 1-General Description -- 2-Candidates -- 3-System Components -- 4-Technique of Implantation -- 5-Initial Results.

CONCLUSIONS.

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