Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease.

Intro -- BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- NOTICE TO THE READER -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. HISTORY OF MCI CONCEPT -- 2. CLINICAL DEFINITION: OVERLAP BETWEEN NORMAL AGING AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT -- 3. CLINICAL CONCEPT: HETEROGENEITY OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT -- 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MCI -- 4.1. Incidence -- 4.2. Prevalence -- 5. DIAGNOSIS OF MCI -- 5.1. Differential Diagnosis -- 6. TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR MCI -- REFERENCES -- "COGMARKERS" FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER TYPE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF MAIN COGNITIVE MARKERS CURRENTLY IN USE -- 3. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- THE ROLE OF NEUROIMAGING IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MARKERS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF AD -- 3. NEUROIMAGING AS BIOMARKER IN AD -- 3.1. Structural MRI -- 3.2. Functional MRI -- 4. RESEARCH IN PROGRESS -- 5. FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BIOMARKERS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease -- 1.2. Biomarkers -- 1.3. Mild Cognitive Impairment -- 2. AMYLOID β (Aβ) -- 2.1. Aβ levels in CSF -- 3. TOTAL TAU PROTEIN (T-TAU) -- 3.1. Total Tau Levels in CSF -- 4. T-TAU AND Aβ COMBINATION -- 5. HYPERPHOSPHORYLATED TAU PROTEIN (P-TAU) -- 5.1. Hyperphosphorylated T-Tau Levels in CSF -- 6. CSF BIOMARKERS IN MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT -- 7. ESTABLISHMENT OF REFERENCE VALUES -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE BIOMARKERS: FROM CONCEPT TO CLINICAL UTILITY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: THE ROAD TO CLINICAL UTILITY -- 1.1. Alzheimer's Disease: The Search for Validated Biomarkers -- 1.2. What are Biomarkers? -- 1.3. Biomarker Development: A Staged, Iterative Process.

2. SELECTION AND QUALIFICATION OF A MULTIPLEX TECHNOLOGY FOR AD BIOMARKERS IN CLINICAL ROUTINE -- 2.1. From Single-Analyte to Multi-Analyte Testing -- 2.2. Platform Selection -- 2.3. The Platform: xMAP Technology -- 2.4. Platform and Throughput -- 2.5. Economic Considerations -- 3. INTEGRATION OF THE NEW PLATFORM INTO THE PRODUCTION FACILITIES -- 3.1. Process Verification -- 3.2. Selection and Production of the Key Raw Materials -- 4. ANALYTICAL QUALIFICATION OF AN ASSAY DEVELOPED ON THE XMAPTECHNOLOGY -- 4.1. Assay Concept Considerations -- 4.2. Assay Characteristics -- 4.3. Sample Collection Requirements -- 5. CLINICAL QUALIFICATION OF THE XMAP ASSAY USING AUTOPSY-CONFIRMED SAMPLES FROM DEMENTED PATIENTS -- 5.1. Study Population -- 5.2. CSF Analysis -- 5.3. Effect of Patient Covariates on Biomarkers -- 5.4. Biomarker Concentrations between Disease Groups -- 5.5. Diagnostic Biomarker Model Building -- 6. INTEGRATION OF THE INNO-BIA ALZBIO3 IN THE US-ADNI PROGRAM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- THE CSF ANALYSIS IN DEMENTIA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID -- 2.1. CSF Proteins -- 2.2. Blood Brain Barrier -- 2.3. CSF Spaces -- 2.4. Lumbar Puncture -- 2.5. Occipital Tap -- 3. BIOMARKER OVERVIEW -- 3.1. Substitution Game -- 3.2. Biomarker Definitions -- 3.3. Hypothesis -- 4. PROTEIN BIOMARKER -- 4.1. Tau -- 4.2. Amyloid beta Peptides -- 4.3. 14-3-3 -- 4.4. Neurofilaments -- 4.5. Neuron-specific Enolase -- 4.6. Miscellaneous Biomarkers -- 4.7. Pitfalls -- 5. CSF ANALYSIS IN DEMENTIA -- 5.1. Differential Diagnosis -- 5.2. Prognostic Accuracy -- 5.3. A surrogate for Cognitive Deficit -- 5.4. Treatment Trials -- REFERENCES -- INFLAMMATION RELATED FACTORS: ROLE IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND USE AS BIOMARKER -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NEUROINFLAMMATION IN AD.

2.1. Amyloid associated Factors and Microglia: Immunohistochemistry -- 2.2. Amyloid associated Factors and Microglia: In Vitro -- 2.3. Amyloid associated Factors and Microglia: Mouse Model Studies -- 3. NEUROINFLAMMATION AS WELL AS REGENERATION -- EARLY EVENTS -- 4. EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF AD -- MRI -- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) -- CSF -- 5. CSF BIOMARKERS FOR AD -- 5.1. Existing Biomarkers Aβ, t-tau and p-tau -- 5.2. Search for new Biomarkers for AD -- 6. WHICH NEUROINFLAMMATION RELATED FACTORS CAN BE DETECTED IN CSF? -- 6.1. Cytokines -- 6.2. Chemokines -- 6.3. Amyloid Associated Factors -- 6.4. Isoprostanes -- 7. WHICH NEUROINFLAMMATION RELATED FACTORS CAN BE DETECTED IN SERUM AND PLASMA? -- 8. FUTURE OF BIOMARKERS FOR AD -- 8.1. New Techniques to Identify Markers -- 8.2. Development of new Tests in Urine and Blood -- 9. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- THE LEUKOCYTE EXPRESSION OF CD36 AND OTHER BIOMARKERS: RISK INDICATORS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: NOT SIMPLY A BRAIN DISEASE -- 2. BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS AS RISK INDICATORS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- 3. CD36: A POSSIBLE BIOMARKER OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- 3.1. Structure and Function of CD36. -- 3.2. Role of CD36 in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4. PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTES: READILY ACCESSIBLE "SPY CELLS" OF BRAIN CHANGES OCCURRING IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- 5. CD36, A POSSIBLE TOOL TO PREDICT THE PROGRESSION OF MCI TO AD -- 6. EVALUATION OF LEUKOCYTE BIOMARKERS WOULD INDICATE THAT MENOPAUSAL TRANSITION IS A POSSIBLE RISK FACTOR FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE EVENTS -- 6.1. Estrogen Receptors -- 6.2. Interleukin 6 -- 6.3. Glucocorticoid Receptors -- 6.4. CD36 -- 6.5. Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ANDVASOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION.

2. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AD AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES -- 3. THE EFFECT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON BRAIN MICROVESSEL FUNCTION IN AD -- 4. NEUROPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CEREBROVASCULAR LESIONS AND AD -- 5. HYPOPERFUSION AS A KEY FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AD -- 6. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN APOE GENOTYPE, HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AND VASCULAR CHANGES IN AD -- 7. THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED BRAIN LESIONS DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AD -- 8. SUBCELLULAR MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN AD -- 9. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ROLE OF APOLIPOPROTEIN E IN NEURODEGENERATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. APOLIPOPROTEIN E -- 1.1. Isoform Distribution -- 1.2. Physiologic Roles of ApoE -- 1.3. Physiologic Roles of ApoE in Neurobiology -- 2. APOE AND DEMENTIA: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCES AND POTENTIAL MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF APOε4 WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) -- 3. IS APOE A BIOMARKER? -- 4. FACTORS INTERACTING WITH APOE -- 4.1. Age at onset and Family History -- 4.2. Ethnicity -- 4.3. Gender -- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC INTERACTIONS -- 5.1. Environmental Interactions -- 5.2. Genetic Interactions -- 6. APOE PROGNOSTIC VALUE -- 6.1. ApoE and Clinical Rate of Decline -- 6.2. ApoE and BPSD (Behavioral, Psychiatric and Social Disorders) -- 7. APOE ROLE IN OTHER DEMENTIAS -- 7.1. Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration -- 7.2. Vascular Dementia -- 7.3. Lewy Bodies Dementia -- 7.4. Direct Comparisons of ApoE Alleles Distribution in different Forms of Dementia -- 7.5. ApoE in Mild Cognitive Impairment -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.