Gadolinium : Compounds, Production and Applications.

Intro -- GADOLINIUM: COMPOUNDS, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS -- GADOLINIUM: COMPOUNDS, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 MAGNETIC INTERACTIONS IN OXO-CARBOXYLATE BRIDGED GADOLINIUM(III) COMPLEXES: SYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Magnetic Aspects -- Gadolinium(III): Magnetic Properties -- Metal Organic Frameworks -- Synthetic Routes -- State of the Art -- Type of Bridge A -- Type of Bridge B -- Type of Bridge C -- Type of Bridge D -- Type of Bridge E -- Type of Bridge F -- Published Empirical Studies -- Theoretical Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2 APPLICATION OF GADOLINIUM FOILS AS CONVERTERS OF THERMAL NEUTRONS IN DETECTORS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mathematical Modeling of Converter Perfomances -- 2.1. Theoretical Bases -- 2.1.1. Probability of neutrons absorption -- 2.1.2. Probability of gamma quanta's formation -- 2.1.3. Probability of internal conversion electrons formation -- 2.1.3. Intensity of Auger electrons -- 2.1.6. Passage of electrons through a substance -- 2.2.1. Model representation and calculation -- 2.2.2. Probability of converters activation -- 2.2.3. Modeling for a case of neutrons flow under various angles -- 2.2.4. Contribution of low-energetic electrons to general efficiency of converters -- 2.2.5. Contribution of X-rays and soft gamma radiations on general efficiency of converters -- 2.3.1. Modeling of converters representing sandwiches, from supporting films and converters -- 2.2.6. Modeling of converters executed from a set of thin drilling converters -- 3. Position Sensitive Detectors of Termal Neutrons with Gadolinum Converters -- 3.1. Normal Presure Multistep Avalanche Chamber.

3.1.1. Characteristics of the multistep avalanche chambers -- 3.1.2. Gas amplification and efficiency of registrations MSAC -- 3.1.3. Spatial resolution of the multistep avalanche chambers -- 3.1.4. Influence of gas mixes on characteristic MSAC -- 3.1.5. Ways of stabilization of operating modes for work MSAC -- 3.1.6. Detector testing -- 3.1.7. Effects of some constuctional elements on the MSAC characterisrics -- 3.2. Thermal Neutron Imaging Detectors Combining Novel Composite Foil Convertors and Gaseous Electron Multipliers -- 3.2.1. The neutron convertor foil -- 3.2.2. The Multistep avalanche chamber -- 3.2.3. Detector characteristics -- 3.3. Hybrid Low-Pressure (MSGC) Neutron Detectors -- 3.3.1. The detector principle -- 3.3.2. Converter fabrication -- 3.4. Resistive Plate Chambers with Gd-Coated Electrodes as Thermal Neutron Detectors -- 3.5. The Neutron Sensitivy Image Plates -- 3.5. Neutron Imaging Detector Using Capillary Phenomena and Liquid Scintillator -- 3.6. Position Sensitive Detection of Thermal Neutrons with Solid State Detectors (Gd Si Planar Detectors) -- 3.6.1. Characteristics of detector -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 TOXICITIES ASSOCIATED WITH GADOLINIUM CONTRAST IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents -- General properties -- Pharmacokinetics -- Nephrotoxicity of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents -- Experimental studies -- Human studies -- Literature supporting renal safety of gadolinium-based contrast agents -- Literature supporting nephrotoxicity with gadolinium-based contrast agents -- Gadolinium-based contrast nephrotoxicity: What should we conclude? -- Gadolinium-Based Contrast and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis -- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A new disease -- Gadolinium-based contrast agents: The NSF trigger.

Evidence to incriminate gadolinium-based contrast agents in NSF -- Certain gadolinium-based contrast agents are more likely to cause NSF -- Animal studies on GBC agents and NSF -- Gadodiamide is more frequently associated with NSF -- Patients with advanced kidney disease are at highest risk to develop NSF following GBC exposure -- Other purported risk factors for NSF following GBC agent exposure -- Gadolinium-based contrast and NSF: What should we conclude? -- Approach to Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent use in Kidney Disease -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE ROLE OF GADOLINIUM IN HUMAN FIBROSING DISEASES -- Introduction -- Direct Toxic Effects of Gadolinium -- The Medical Career of Gadolinium -- An Enigmatic Disease Emerged -- Pathophysiological Considerations -- NSF Diagnosis and Evidence of Gadolinium in the Skin Tissue -- Case Description and Examination Results -- Histopathology and Conventional Electron Microscopy -- Electron Spectroscopic Imaging of Gadolinium -- Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis - Another Fibrosing Disease and Gadolinium -- Histopathologic and Electron Microscopic Observations -- Considerations of the Gadolinium Evidence in the Skin Lesion -- Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 NOVEL NANOVECTORS AS THE LIVER TARGET MOLECULAR: MRI CONTRAST AGENTS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nanovectors Used as the Target MRI Contrast Agent -- 2.1. Lipid Based Nanocarriers -- 2.1.1. Liposomes -- 2.1.2. Solid lipid nanoparticles -- 2.2. Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 2.2.1. PLA/PLGA nanoparticles -- 2.2.2. Polystyrene nanoparticles -- 2.2.3. Chitosan nanoparticles -- 2.3. Polymeric Nanocomplexes -- 2.4. Polymeric Micelles -- 2.5. Polyersomes -- 2.6. Dendrimers -- 2.6. Others Nanovectors -- 3. Liver Target Molecular MRI Contrast Agent.

3.1. Passive Targeting of Liver Using Nanoparticles -- 3.2. Active Targeting of Liver Using Nanoparticles -- 3.2.1. Peptides -- 3.2.2. Folic acid -- 3.2.3. Monoclonal antibody -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 APPLICATION OF GADOLINIUM BASED CONTRAST AGENTS IN ABDOMINAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Motion-Free Image Quality -- Correct Subphase of Enhancement -- Field Strength -- Types of GBCAs -- Nonspecific Extracellular Contrast Agents -- Combined Extracellular and Intracellular Contrast Agents -- Blood Pool Contrast Agents -- Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 USE OF GADOLINIUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS IN CARDIO-VASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING- A REVIEW -- Abstract -- Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Contrast Agents -- Early and Late Gadolinium Enhancement -- Common uses of Gadolinium in CMR -- Coronary Artery Disease -- Myocardial Infarction -- Myocardial Perfusion Deficits -- Tissue Characterization -- Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy -- Myocarditis -- EGE in Myocarditis -- LGE in Myocarditis -- Systemic Vasculitis -- Dilated Cardiomyopathy -- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy -- Myocardial Storage Diseases -- Amyloidosis -- Anderson-Fabry -- Cardiac Sarcoidosis -- Side Effects of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents - Nephrogenic System Fibrosis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8THE USEOF GADOLINIUMFOR ESR DOSIMETRY -- Abstract -- 1.Introduction -- 2.Gadoliniuminteractionfeatureswithphotonsandneutrons -- 3.EPRdosimetry -- 4.InfluenceofgadoliniumontheESRspectrum -- 5.Responseto60Co -- 6.Responsetoneutronfield -- 6.1.Responsetoneutronsatvariousgadoliniumconcentrations -- 6.2.MonteCarlosimulation -- 7.Responsetoprotonsatvariousgadoliniumconcentrations -- 8.Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Chapter 9 GADOLINIUM AS AN ADDITIVE TO MAGNESIUM ALLOYS AND ITS ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. New Magnesium Alloy Design by Alloying -- 1.2. Effects of Gadolinium Addition to Magnesium Alloys -- 1.3. Related Alloying Elements -- 1.4. Research Objective -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Future Outlook of Gadolinium Research as an Additive to Magnesium Alloys -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10 EX-VIVO APPLICATION OF GADOLINIUM: ITS UTILISATION TO CERTIFY THE VIABILITY OF MARGINAL ORGANS DURING THEIR PERFUSION OF REANIMATION. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Conclusion -- Introduction -- A. Marginal Organs -- B. Marginal Organs Conditioning: The Perfusion of Reanimation -- C. Demonstration of Kidneys' Viability by Intensive Magnetic Resonance Diagnosis -- Methods -- a. The Gd-Perfusion -- b. Other MRI Sequences Used -- T2 for ROIS -- T1fast Map: Its use in Microcirculation Analysis -- Results -- T1 fm A before Gd-perfusion -- T1 fm B and T1 fm A -- The Gd-Perfusion[7] -- Intra Renal Microcirculation -- Conclusion -- T1 fm -- Gd-Perfusion and Intra Renal Microcirculation -- Comparison with Tests Generally Realized for Viability Assessment -- The Use of Gd-Perfusion to Evaluate Marginal Kidneys -- References -- Chapter 11 GADOLINIUM COMPOUNDS AND MRI IN DAILY PRACTICE: HOW TO REDUCE INAPPROPRIATE ORDERING AND IMPROVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN RADIOLOGISTS AND REFERRING PHYSICIANS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 RARE EARTH GADOLINIUM NANOPARTICLES FOR HYDROGEN INDUCED SWITCHING, SENSING AND STORAGE DEVICES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Results and Discussion -- References -- Index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.