Wind Power : Technology, Economics and Policies.

Intro -- WIND POWER: TECHNOLOGY,ECONOMICS AND POLICIES -- WIND POWER: TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMICS AND POLICIES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- WIND POWER IN THE UNITED STATES:TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMIC, AND POLICY ISSUES* -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- The Rise of Wind -- Benefits and Drawbacks of Wind Power -- WIND RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY -- Wind Power Fundamentals -- Wind Resources -- Wind Power Technology -- WIND INDUSTRY COMPOSITION AND TRENDS -- Wind Turbine Manufacturers and Wind Plant Developers -- International Comparisons -- WIND POWER ECONOMICS -- Cost and Operating Characteristics of Wind Power -- Levelized Cost Comparison -- WIND POLICY ISSUES -- Siting and Permitting Issues -- Transmission Constraints -- Renewable Production Tax Credit -- Renewable Portfolio Standards -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX. FINANCIAL ANALYSISMETHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS -- ENDNOTES -- ANNUAL REPORT ON U.S.WIND POWERINSTALLATION, COST,AND PERFORMANCE TRENDS: 2007* -- INTRODUCTION -- ACRONYMS -- U.S.WIND POWER CAPACITY SURGED BY46% IN 2007, WITH 5,329MWADDEDAND 9 BILLION INVESTED -- WIND POWER CONTRIBUTED 35%OF ALL NEW U.S. ELECTRIC GENERATINGCAPACITY IN 2007 -- THE UNITED STATES CONTINUED TO LEAD THE WORLDIN ANNUAL CAPACITY GROWTH -- TEXAS EASILY EXCEEDED OTHER STATES INANNUAL CAPACITY GROWTH -- DATA FROM INTERCONNECTION QUEUESDEMONSTRATE THAT AN ENORMOUSAMOUNT OF WIND CAPACITY IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT -- GEWIND REMAINED THE DOMINANTTURBINE MANUFACTURER, BUT A GROWINGNUMBER OF OTHER MANUFACTURERS ARECAPTURING MARKET SHARE -- SOARING DEMAND FOR WIND SPURS EXPANSIONOF U.S.WIND TURBINE MANUFACTURING -- AVERAGE TURBINE SIZE CONTINUED TO GROW,ALBEIT AT A SLOWER PACE -- THE AVERAGE SIZE OF WIND PROJECTSEXPANDED SIGNIFICANTLY -- DEVELOPER CONSOLIDATION CONTINUED AT A TORRID PACE -- COMFORT WITH AND USE OF INNOVATIVEFINANCING STRUCTURES INCREASED.

IPP PROJECT OWNERSHIP REMAINED DOMINANT, BUTUTILITY INTEREST IN OWNERSHIP CONTINUED,WHILE COMMUNITY WIND FALTERED -- THOUGH LONG-TERM CONTRACTED SALES TO UTILITIESREMAINED THE MOST COMMON OFF-TAKE ARRANGEMENT,MERCHANT PLANTS AND SALES TO POWER MARKETERS AREBECOMING MORE PREVALENT -- UPWARD PRESSURE ON WIND POWERPRICES CONTINUED IN 2007 -- WIND REMAINED COMPETITIVE IN WHOLESALE POWER MARKETS -- PROJECT PERFORMANCE AND CAPITALCOSTS DRIVE WIND POWER PRICES -- INSTALLED PROJECT COSTS CONTINUED TO RISE IN 2007,AFTER A LONG PERIOD OF DECLINE -- PROJECT COST INCREASES ARE A FUNCTION OF TURBINE PRICES,AND TURBINE PRICES HAVE INCREASED DRAMATICALLY -- WIND PROJECT PERFORMANCE HAS IMPROVED OVER TIME -- OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COSTS ARE AFFECTED BYTHE AGE AND SIZE OF THE PROJECT, AMONG OTHER FACTORS -- NEW STUDIES CONTINUED TO FIND THAT INTEGRATING WIND INTOPOWER SYSTEMS IS MANAGEABLE, BUT NOT COSTLESS -- SOLUTIONS TO TRANSMISSION BARRIERS BEGANTO EMERGE, BUT CONSTRAINTS REMAIN -- POLICY EFFORTS CONTINUED TO AFFECT THE AMOUNT ANDLOCATION OF WIND DEVELOPMENT -- COMING UP IN 2008 -- APPENDIX: SOURCES OF DATA PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT -- Wind Installation Trends -- Wind Capacity Serving Electric Utilities -- Turbine Manufacturing, Turbine Size, and Project Size -- Wind Power Prices and Wholesale Market Prices -- Installed Project and Turbine Costs -- Wind Project Performance -- Wind Project Operations and Maintenance Costs -- Wind Integration, Transmission, and Policy -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ENDNOTES -- 20%WIND ENERGY BY 2030.INCREASING WIND ENERGY'S CONTRIBUTIONTO U.S. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY* -- ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS -- SECTION 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW -- 1.1. Introduction and Collaborative Approach -- 1.3. Impacts -- 1.4. Conclusion -- 1.5. References and other Suggested Reading -- SECTION 2.WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY -- 2.1. Introduction.

2.2. Today's Commercial Wind Technology -- 2.3. Technology Improvements on the Horizon -- 2.4. Addressing Technical and Financial Risks -- 2.5. Offshore Wind Technology -- 2.6. Distributed Wind Technology -- 2.7. Summary of Wind Technology Development Needs -- 2.8. References and other Suggested Reading -- SECTION 3.MANUFACTURING,MATERIAL AND RESOURCES -- 3.1. Raw Materials Requirements -- 3.2. Manufacturing Capability -- 3.3. Labor Requirements -- 3.4. CHALLENGES TO 20%WIND ENERGY BY 2030 -- 3.5. References and other Suggested Reading -- SECTION 4. TRANSMISSION AND INTEGRATIONINTO THE U.S. ELECTRIC SYSTEM -- 4.1. Lessons Learned -- 4.2. Feasibility and Cost of the New Transmission Infrastructure Requiredfor the 20% Wind Scenario -- 4.3. U.S. Power System Operations and Market Structure Evolution -- 4.4. References and other Suggested Reading -- SECTION 5.WIND POWER SITING AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- 5.1. Wind Energy Today -- 5.2. Environmental Benefits -- 5.3. Potential Environmental Impacts -- 5.4. Public Perception and Engagement -- 5.5. Siting/Regulatory Framework -- 5.6. Addressing Environmental and Siting Challenges -- 5.7. Prospects for Offshore Wind Energy Projects in the United States andInsights from Europe -- 5.8. Findings and Conclusions -- 5.9. References and Suggested Further Reading -- SECTION 6.WIND POWER MARKETS -- 6.1. U.S. Market Evolution Background -- 6.2. U.S. Electricity Market -- 6.3. Wind Power Applications -- 6.4. Stakeholder Involvement and Public Engagement -- 6.5. Conclusions -- 6.6. References -- APPENDIX A. 20%WIND SCENARIO IMPACTS -- A.1. Introduction -- A.2. Methodology -- A.3. Wind Capacity Supply Curves -- A.4. Impacts -- A.5. Direct Electricity Sector Cost -- A.6. Other Effects -- A.7. References and Suggested Further Reading -- APPENDIX B. ASSUMPTIONS USED FORWIND DEPLOYMENT SYSTEM MODEL.

B.1. Financial Parameters -- B.2. Power System Characteristics -- B.3. Wind -- B.4. Conventional Generation -- B.5. Transmission -- B.6 Treatment of Resource Variability -- B.7. Federal and State Energy Policy -- B.8. Electricity Sector Direct Cost Calculation -- B.9. References and Suggested further Reading -- APPENDIX C.WIND-RELATED JOBS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -- C.1. The JEDI Model -- C.2. Wind Scenario Inputs -- C.3. Findings -- C.4. Manufacturing Sector -- C.5. Construction Sector -- C.6. Operations Sector -- C.7. Conclusion -- C.8. References -- APPENDIX D. PARTICIPANTS IN THE 20%WIND SCENARIO -- Section 1. Overview of the 20% Wind Scenario -- Section 2. Wind Turbine Technology -- Section 3. Manufacturing, Material Resources, and Impacts on the Nation'sEconomy -- Section 4. Transmission and Integration into the U.S. Electric System -- Section 5. Wind Power Siting and Environmental Effects -- Section 6. Wind Power Markets -- Appendices A, B, and C and Supporting Analysis Task Force -- Workshops and Outreach -- APPENDIX E. GLOSSARY -- GRATEFUL APPRECIATION TO PARTNERS -- ENDNOTES -- WIND AND HYDROPOWER TECHNOLOGIESPROGRAM. 2007 PEER REVIEW REPORT -- SUMMARY -- PEER REVIEW MEETING PROCESS -- 2007WIND ENERGY PROGRAM PEER REVIEW AGENDA -- WIND PROGRAM PEER REVIEW PANEL FINDINGS -- WIND PROGRAM PEER REVIEW PROJECT EVALUATIONS -- Systems Integration Activities -- Environmental and Siting -- Technology Acceptance Activities - State Outreach -- Technology Acceptance Activities - Priority Markets -- SUMMARY OF PEER REVIEW PANEL SUGGESTIONSAND PROGRAM RESPONSES -- APPENDIX A: LETTER FROM CARL WEINBERG TO STEVELINDENBERG, PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF THE PEER REVIEW PANEL -- APPENDIX B:MEETING ATTENDEE LIST -- APPENDIX C: SUMMARY OF PEER REVIEW PANELEVALUATION SCORES -- INDEX.

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