Seafaring Expeditions to Punt in the Middle Kingdom : Excavations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt.

Intro -- Seafaring Expeditions to Punt in the Middle Kingdom -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Illustrations -- 1 Egyptian Long-distance Trade, Pharaonic Expeditions and Direct Control of Sources of Raw Materials in Northeast Africa and the Sinai in the Middle Kingdom -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mining Turquoise and Copper in the Sinai -- 3 The Harbor Site at Ayn Soukhna -- 4 Mining Galena at Gebel Zeit -- 5 Mining Gold and Quarrying Stone in the Wadi Hammamat -- 6 Nubian Resources and Egyptian Occupation -- 7 The Harbor at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis in the Context of Mining/Quarrying Expeditions and Interrelations in Northeast Africa in the Middle Kingdom -- 2 Archaeological Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 1 The Pharaonic Harbor at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 2 Archaeological Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 3 Evidence of Ships and Cargo Boxes -- 4 Sealings, Stelae and Ostraca -- 5 Ceramics -- 6 Stone Tools -- 7 Plant and Animal Remains -- 8 Environmental Context of the Harbor Site -- 9 Chronology of the Harbor Site -- 10 Summary: Archaeological and Geological Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 3 Spatial Use of the Mersa/Wadi Gawasis Harbor in the 12th Dynasty -- 1 Overview -- 2 The Eastern Terrace -- 3 The Harbor -- 4 Central Terrace and Western Terrace Top -- 5 Western Terrace Slope -- 6 Western Terrace Slope, North -- 7 Western Terrace Slope, South -- 8 Caves 2 and 3 -- 9 Cave 5 -- 10 Cave 7 and the Alcove Shrine -- 11 Harbor Edge -- 12 Production Area -- 13 Ramps (Slipways?) -- 14 Western Terrace, Southern Slope -- 15 Beach Area above the Harbor -- 16 Stelae Associated with the Gallery-Caves -- 17 Spatial Organization of the Harbor of Saww Compared to the Harbors at Ayn Soukhna and Wadi el-Jarf -- 4 Organization of Mersa/Wadi Gawasis Seafaring Expeditions in the 12th Dynasty: The Textual Evidence.

1 Textual Evidence at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 2 Stelae -- 3 Cargo Box Inscriptions -- 4 Sealings and Papyri -- 5 Ostraca -- 6 Two Wooden Tags -- 7 Dates of Known Expeditions Based on Textual Evidence -- 8 Translation by Eugene Cruz-Uribe? of the Hieroglyphic Text of the Ankhu Stela (Eastern Jamb, Central Block, and Western Jamb) Found at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis by A.M. Sayed -- 5 Organization of Seafaring Expeditions from Mersa/Wadi Gawasis in the 12th Dynasty: Archaeological Evidence at the Harbor -- 1 Archaeological Evidence of Seafaring Expeditions at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 2 Shipbuilding -- 3 Ship Technology -- 4 Ship Wood -- 5 Cargo Boxes -- 6 Rope/Ship Rigging -- 7 Linen: Ship Sails, Caulking(?), and Clothing -- 8 Copper Alloy Strips for Ship Timber Fastenings -- 9 Other Expedition Supplies: Clothing, Footwear, Camp Furnishings -- 10 Egyptian Ceramics at the Harbor Site -- 11 Non-Egyptian Ceramics at the Harbor Site -- 12 Shelter for Expedition Members -- 13 Food Supplies and Storage, Food Processing and Baking/Cooking -- 14 Local Production of Stone Tools -- 15 Non-Egyptian Stone Tools at the Harbor Site -- 16 Summary -- APPENDIX Bread Baking Experiments -- 1 Ancient Egyptian Bread Making -- 2 Evidence of Bread Making at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 3 Experimenting with Middle Kingdom Bread Making -- 4 Conclusions -- 6 Interpreting Ideology at Saww: Ritual Practices, Memorial Shrines, and Commemorative Stelae -- 1 Ceremonial Shrines and Commemorative Stelae at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 2 Shrines Constructed along the Red Sea Coast -- 3 Shrines/Monuments on the Terrace Top Overlooking Wadi Gawasis -- 4 The Alcove Shrine along the Western Terrace Slope -- 5 Stelae -- 6 Stelae in Monumental Structures -- 7 Stelae at Mersa Gawasis -- 8 Stelae Placed in Niches Carved in the Western Terrace Wall -- 9 Use of Stelae at Saww -- 10 Mersa/Wadi Gawasis Stelae and the Gods.

11 Archaeology of Ritual and Religion at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 7 The Land of Punt: A View from Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 1 Punt and Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 2 The Land of Punt: Egyptian Evidence -- 3 Location of Punt: Natural Resources -- 4 The Land of Punt: Cultural Evidence -- 5 Punt and Bia-Punt, and the Evidence from Mersa/Wadi Gawasis: Inscriptions -- 6 Punt and the Evidence from Mersa/Wadi Gawasis: Paleoethnobotanical Remains and Lithics -- 7 Punt and the Evidence from Mersa/Wadi Gawasis: Exotic Ceramics -- 8 Location of Bia-Punt and Punt: Ceramic Evidence at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- 8 Long-Distance Routes Involved in the Punt Expeditions -- 1 Routes from Egypt to Punt/Bia-Punt -- 2 The Levant and Maritime Trade with Punt -- 3 Land Routes from the Nile Valley to the Red Sea Coast -- 4 Sea Route to and from the Southern Red Sea -- 5 Land Routes in Punt/Bia-Punt -- 6 Maritime Expeditions to Punt/Bia-Punt -- 9 The 12th Dynasty Punt/Bia-Punt Expeditions from Mersa/Wadi Gawasis -- References -- Index.

In the 12th Dynasty the Egyptian state sent seafaring expeditions to the land of Punt from a harbor on the Red Sea. Excavations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis have uncovered well preserved evidence of this harbor and the probable location of Punt.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.