Black shank of tobacco in the former Dutch East Indies, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae : Original papers by Jacob van Breda de Haan, 1895 and Thung Tjeng Hiang, 1931 & 1938.

Intro -- Preface -- Tobacco growing in the former Dutch East Indies -- 1.1. Tobacco in Indonesia -- 1.2. Java, the Principalities -- 1.2.1. The situation on Java -- 1.2.2. The tobacco culture in the Principalities -- 1.2.3. Crop protection problems -- 1.3. Sumatra, Sultanate Deli -- 1.3.1. The situation on Sumatra -- 1.3.2. The tobacco culture in Deli -- 1.3.3. Crop protection problems -- 1.4. The product -- The authors -- 2.1. Jacob van Breda de Haan -- 2.1.1. The author -- 2.1.2. The science -- 2.1.3. The language -- 2.2. Thung Tjeng Hiang -- 2.2.1. The author -- 2.2.2. The science -- 2.2.3. The language -- 2.3. The translation -- The bibit disease in the Deli tobacco -- 3.0. Preface -- 3.1. The tobacco cultivation in Deli -- 3.2. Occurrence and spread of the bibit disease -- 3.3. Symptoms and characteristics of the bibit disease -- 3.4. Microscopic examination of the plants attacked by bibit disease -- 3.5. Phytophthora nicotianae nov. spec. -- Occurrence, life history etc. -- 3.6. Culture-experiments with Phytophthora Nicotianae -- influence of moisture and drought, light and darkness on the development. -- 3.7. Effect of increase of air and light on the tobacco nursery beds. Control by Bordeaux mixture. -- 3.8. Field experiments in Deli -- 3.9. Judgement of practicians on the modified treatment of the nursery beds -- 3.10. Final considerations -- 3.11. Contents -- The epidemiology of tobacco diseases -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Procedure -- 4.3. The methods of calculation -- 4.4. Results -- Experiment Station -- for -- Vorstenlanden Tobacco -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The behaviour of the fungus -- 5.2.1. The parasitism -- 5.2.2. The saprophytism in the soil -- 5.2.3. The formation of zoöspores -- 5.2.4. The infection capacity of the zoöspores. -- 5.2.5. The influence of climatological factors -- 5.3. The ways of dispersal.

5.3.1. In the soils -- 5.3.1.1. The tobacco areas -- 5.3.1.2. Other cropping areas -- 5.3.1.3. The official fields -- 5.3.1.4. The dessa-grounds and roads -- 5.3.1.5. The dangerous sites in the tobacco area -- 5.3.2. In the water -- 5.3.2.1. The irrigation water -- 5.3.2.2. The water in rivers and conducts -- 5.3.3. In the manure -- 5.7. Literature cited -- 5.6. Summary -- 5.5. Concluding remarks -- 5.4. A new Phytophthora-analysis-method -- Jacob van Breda de Haan, 1866-1917, a forgotten plant pathologist -- 6.1. From Lowlands to Tropics -- 6.2. Career -- 6.2.1. Civil servant in health and disease -- 6.2.2. Sugar cane -- 6.2.3. Tobacco -- 6.2.4. Rice -- 6.2.5. Cotton -- 6.2.6. Agricultural meteorology -- 6.2.7. Miscellaneous -- 6.2.8. Investigations -- 6.3. Publications -- 6.4. Food scarcity -- 6.5. A painful affair -- 6.6. Final comments -- Epilogue -- Annex 4 - Publications by Jacob van Breda de Haan -- Annex 3 - Indonesian terminology -- Annex 2 - Geographical notes -- Annex 1 - Tobacco calendar of the Principalities in the 1930s -- References -- Notes -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Epilogue -- Annexes -- Publication history -- Jan C. Zadoks - biographic notes -- Acknowledgements -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Jacob van Breda de Haan is known as the author of the name Phytophthora nicotianae n.sp., the causal agent of ‘black shank’, an important disease of tobacco. Who was he? Where did he work? What did he publish? He published in Dutch, 1896, in a Dutch colonial report series. Next question: what more on tobacco diseases was written in obscure, colonial Dutch documents? Another scientist, Thung Tjeng Hiang, better known as the first Wageningen professor of plant virology, presented two original papers in Dutch on ‘black shank’ with the word ‘epidemiologie’ in their title, 1931 and 1938. Therewith Thung was an early bird in plant disease epidemiology.The foundational paper by van Breda de Haan and two important papers by Thung are presented here in English translation. Both authors worked in the former Dutch East Indies, present Indonesia, the first on the island of Sumatera, the latter on that of Java. Both were in the service of tobacco planters; they had to solve immediate problems as fast as possible. In a pioneer situation, van Breda de Haan was confronted with a sudden seedling disease which devastated the tobacco seedlings in the seed beds and which, yes, could lead to ‘black shank’ in adult plants. Thung, working in a well-organized environment, had to prevent ‘black shank’ in the tobacco plantations.Both authors were successful in controlling disease by means of a combination of ecological intervention and chemical treatment. Whereas van Breda de Haan could only dream of genetic control, Thung could incorporate the use of a fairly resistant cultivar in his recommendations. The 1896 paper has epidemiological observations scattered throughout, without using the word epidemiology. The 1931 and 1938 papers are probably ‘firsts’ in the Dutch phytopathological literature having epidemiology in their title, one an early study in quantitative,

comparative epidemiology and the other an early version of landscape epidemiology.The three papers are preceded by a sketch of tobacco cultivation in the former Dutch East Indies, describing the position of the two authors in the tobacco scene; they are followed by a long-due biography of a forgotten plant pathologist, Jacob van Breda de Haan.

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