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Grammatical Change in English World-Wide.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: Studies in Corpus LinguisticsPublisher: Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015Copyright date: ©2015Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (494 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9789027268907
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Grammatical Change in English World-WideDDC classification:
  • 427
LOC classification:
  • PE1073 -- .G63 2015eb
Online resources:
Contents:
Grammatical Change in English World-Wide -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- References -- Part 1. Inner circle Englishes -- Diachronic variation in the grammar of Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The study of grammatical change in AusE -- 3. Corpora and methodology -- 3.1 The corpora -- 3.2 The methodology -- 4. Morphological variables -- 4.1 Regularisation of irregular past tense and past participle forms -- 4.2 's-genitives -- 5. Morphosyntactic variables -- 5.1 The subjunctive -- 5.1.1 The mandative subjunctive -- 5.1.2 The were-subjunctive in hypothetical conditional and concessive clauses -- 5.2 Concord with collective nouns -- 6. Syntactic variables -- 6.1 Light verbs -- 6.2 Non-finite complementation with help and prevent -- 6.2.1 Help (NP) (to) V -- 6.2.2 Prevent NP (from) Ving -- 6.3 Do-support (with negation) -- 6.4 Be-passives -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- At the crossroads of change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The history of English have and the transatlantic divide -- 3. Victoria (British Columbia, Canada) as a sociolinguistic entity -- 4. Data and methods -- 4.1 The British Colonist -- 4.2 Methodology -- 5. Results -- 5.1 Overall trends -- 5.2 A closer look at have got -- 6. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Do-support in early New Zealand and Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background to the study -- 2.1 A brief comparative history of Australian and New Zealand English -- 2.2 Do-support in Late Modern English -- 3. Data and methodology -- 3.1 Corpora of early southern hemisphere English -- 3.2 Definition of the variable and data retrieval -- 4. Findings -- 4.1 Negation -- 4.2 Lexical have -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Acknowledgements -- The progressive in Irish English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The corpora.
3. Progressives -- 3.1 The event or activity progressive -- 3.2 The habitual bounded progressive -- 3.3 The habitual nonbounded progressive -- 3.4 The single-occasion repetitive progressive -- 3.5 The futurate progressive -- 3.6 The mental nonbounded progressive -- 3.7 The mental bounded progressive -- 3.8 The punctual progressive -- 3.9 The agentive stative progressive -- 3.10 The non-agentive stative progressive -- 3.11 The WILL progressive, or the future as matter of course progressive -- 3.12 The modal progressive -- 3.13 The DO progressive -- 3.14 The extended-now progressive -- 3.15 The attitudinal progressive -- 3.16 The interpretive progressive -- 3.17 The generic progressive -- 3.18 The politeness progressive -- 3.19 The resultative progressive -- 3.20 The anaphoric progressive -- 4. Progressive: Comparisons and results -- 4.1 The event or activity progressive: Analysis (3.1) -- 4.2 The habitual nonbounded progressive: Analysis (3.3) -- 4.3 The single occasion repetitive progressive: Analysis (3.4) -- 4.4 The futurate progressive: Analysis (3.5) -- 4.5 The nonbounded stative progressive: Analysis (3.6) -- 4.6 WILL be V-ing progressive: Analysis (3.11) -- 4.7 The modal progressive: Analysis -- 4.7 The extended-now progressive: Analysis (3.14) -- 4.8 The attitudinal progressive: Analysis (3.15) -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Cross-variety diachronic drifts and ephemeral regional contrasts -- 1. Introduction -- 2. BrE vs AmE contrasts are ephemeral: Regional comparison in the Brown family at three diachronic sampling points -- 3. Some core modals are on the decline, but the category remains robust: Diachronic trends in the extended Brown family -- 4. Obsolescence and emergence in a volatile system: The semi-modals in the extended Brown family.
5. Conclusion: Time trumps region, and genre remains as the most important source of statistical noise. -- References -- Appendix: Tests for statistical significance - log likelihood values -- Passives of so-called 'ditransitives' in nineteenth century and present-day Canadian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical aspects of the passive and of double-participant verbs -- 2.1 Second passives -- 2.2 First passives -- 2.3 Prepositional passives -- 3. The corpora -- 4. Competing types of passives, analysis and theoretical background -- 4.1 Choice of verbs and characterisation of passives investigated -- 4.2 Active-passive relationships with double-participant verbs -- 4.3 Functional analyses of transitive verbs with respect to passivisation -- 4.4 The interplay of passivisation and NP-extraction -- 5. Results -- 5.1 Passives in 19th century versus Present-day CanE -- 5.2 Passives in the Strathy corpus: Using a broader database -- 5.3 The verbs bring and deny -- 6. Analysis of major patterns of passivisation and their restrictions -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Dual adverbs in Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Previous corpus-based research on variation in dual adverbs -- 3. Methodology -- 3.1 Data sources for this study -- 3.2 Selection of dual adverbs for this study -- 3.3 Analysis of contexts of discourse and syntax -- 4. Contextual distribution of zero and -ly forms of adverbs in current AusE -- 4.1 Preliminary analysis: Distribution of dual adverbs in spoken and written discourse -- 4.2 Syntactic contexts of occurrence for dual adverbs in current AusE and their semantics -- 4.2.1 Bad/badly -- 4.2.2 Close/closely -- 4.2.3 High/highly -- 4.2.4 Quick, slow -- 4.3 Summary of 20th century AusE usage of five dual adverbs -- 5. Distribution of dual adverbs in earlier AusE -- 6. Distribution of dual adverbs in 19th and 20th century BrE.
6.1 Dual adverbs in 19th century BrE narrative and current affairs texts -- 6.2 Dual adverbs in 20th century BrE: Data from ICE-GB -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- The evolution of epistemic marking in West Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2. Data and method -- 2.1 Data -- 2.2 Coding -- 4.2 The grammaticalisation of AusE think: Empirical evidence -- 3.1 Overall distribution -- 4. Discussion and conclusions -- References -- May and might in nineteenth-century Irish English and English English* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical development of past time reference with may and might -- 2.1 Objective possibility -- 2.2 Subjective possibility -- 3. Sources -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Objective possibility -- 4.1.1 -P/past -remote -- 4.1.2 -P/past +remote -- 4.1.3 +P/past -remote -- 4.1.4 +P/past +remote -- 4.2 Subjective possibility -- 4.2.1 -M/past -P/past -remote -- 4.2.2 -M/past -P/past +remote -- 4.2.3 -M/past +P/past -remote -- 4.2.4 +M/past +P/past -remote -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- The present perfect and the preterite in Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Variation and change in the English PP and SP -- 3. Data -- 4. The variable rule analysis -- 5. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Part 2. Outer circle Englishes -- Recent diachronic change in the progressive in Philippine English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The progressive aspect -- 3. Previous studies of the progressive -- 4. The present study -- 5. Regional and stylistic distribution -- 6. Progressive forms -- 6.1 Progressive VPs -- 6.2 Progressive passives -- 7. Special uses -- 7.1 The futurate progressive -- 7.2 The 'future as a matter-of-course' progressive -- 7.3 The habitual always progressive -- 7.4 The interpretive progressive -- 8. Contracted forms -- 9. Stative verbs -- 10. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement.
References -- Linguistic change in a multilingual setting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The quotative system -- 2.1 Quotatives in native-speaker Englishes: A diachronic perspective -- 2.2 Quotatives in native-speaker Englishes: A synchronic view -- 3. Data and methods -- 4. Overall distribution of variants -- 5. Multivariate analyses and diachronic comparisons -- 5.1 Verbs of reporting -- 5.2 Zero quotatives -- 5.3 Verbs of mental activity and perception -- 5.4 Be like -- 5.5 Okay (fine) -- 6. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Patterns of regularisation in British, American and Indian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Irregular regularisation: AmE vs BrE -- 3. IndE -- 3.1 The position of IndE in Schneider's Dynamic Model -- 3.2 Some examples of (structural) nativisation -- 4. Research questions -- 5. The data -- 5.1 Synchronic data -- 5.2 Diachronic data -- 6. Data analysis -- 6.1 Synchronic data -- 6.1.1 General overview -- 6.1.2 Internal variation -- 6.2 Diachronic data -- 6.2.1 LOB, FLOB, BROWN, and FROWN -- 6.2.2 Kolhapur vs LOB, FLOB, BROWN and FROWN -- 6.2.3 ICE-GB, ICE-USA and ICE-India -- 6.2.4 Kolhapur, ICE-India and GloWbE -- 7. Accounting for the variation between ed and t forms -- 7.1 Frequency -- 7.2 Salience of change -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- An apparent time study of the progressive in Nigerian English* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The progressive in English -- 3. Data and methods -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Frequency of the progressive -- 4.2 Frequency of extended uses of the progressive -- 5. General discussion and comparison with other varieties of English -- References -- Appendix -- American influence on written Caribbean English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Bahamas and Trinidad and Tobago: Sociohistorical and sociolinguistic background -- 3. Data and method -- 4. Contractions -- 5. The be-passive.
6. Relative that vs which.
Summary: This chapter examines the use of the progressive aspect in Black South African English (BSAfE) since the late 19th century in corpora of fiction and newspapers. Previous research points to on-going change in native varieties and the extension to stative contexts in non-native varieties of English. The findings are: There has been a consistent increase in the frequency of the construction. Stative and achievement verbs are used in the progressive aspect proportionally more often in BSAfE than in native varieties. The progressive with stative verbs encodes states of longer duration alongside the meaning of temporary duration which is conventional in native varieties. The functional differences are not a recent or gradual innovation, but are present from the earliest available BSAfE data. Keywords: Black South African English; progressive aspect; stative verbs; duration.
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Grammatical Change in English World-Wide -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- References -- Part 1. Inner circle Englishes -- Diachronic variation in the grammar of Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The study of grammatical change in AusE -- 3. Corpora and methodology -- 3.1 The corpora -- 3.2 The methodology -- 4. Morphological variables -- 4.1 Regularisation of irregular past tense and past participle forms -- 4.2 's-genitives -- 5. Morphosyntactic variables -- 5.1 The subjunctive -- 5.1.1 The mandative subjunctive -- 5.1.2 The were-subjunctive in hypothetical conditional and concessive clauses -- 5.2 Concord with collective nouns -- 6. Syntactic variables -- 6.1 Light verbs -- 6.2 Non-finite complementation with help and prevent -- 6.2.1 Help (NP) (to) V -- 6.2.2 Prevent NP (from) Ving -- 6.3 Do-support (with negation) -- 6.4 Be-passives -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- At the crossroads of change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The history of English have and the transatlantic divide -- 3. Victoria (British Columbia, Canada) as a sociolinguistic entity -- 4. Data and methods -- 4.1 The British Colonist -- 4.2 Methodology -- 5. Results -- 5.1 Overall trends -- 5.2 A closer look at have got -- 6. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Do-support in early New Zealand and Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background to the study -- 2.1 A brief comparative history of Australian and New Zealand English -- 2.2 Do-support in Late Modern English -- 3. Data and methodology -- 3.1 Corpora of early southern hemisphere English -- 3.2 Definition of the variable and data retrieval -- 4. Findings -- 4.1 Negation -- 4.2 Lexical have -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Acknowledgements -- The progressive in Irish English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The corpora.

3. Progressives -- 3.1 The event or activity progressive -- 3.2 The habitual bounded progressive -- 3.3 The habitual nonbounded progressive -- 3.4 The single-occasion repetitive progressive -- 3.5 The futurate progressive -- 3.6 The mental nonbounded progressive -- 3.7 The mental bounded progressive -- 3.8 The punctual progressive -- 3.9 The agentive stative progressive -- 3.10 The non-agentive stative progressive -- 3.11 The WILL progressive, or the future as matter of course progressive -- 3.12 The modal progressive -- 3.13 The DO progressive -- 3.14 The extended-now progressive -- 3.15 The attitudinal progressive -- 3.16 The interpretive progressive -- 3.17 The generic progressive -- 3.18 The politeness progressive -- 3.19 The resultative progressive -- 3.20 The anaphoric progressive -- 4. Progressive: Comparisons and results -- 4.1 The event or activity progressive: Analysis (3.1) -- 4.2 The habitual nonbounded progressive: Analysis (3.3) -- 4.3 The single occasion repetitive progressive: Analysis (3.4) -- 4.4 The futurate progressive: Analysis (3.5) -- 4.5 The nonbounded stative progressive: Analysis (3.6) -- 4.6 WILL be V-ing progressive: Analysis (3.11) -- 4.7 The modal progressive: Analysis -- 4.7 The extended-now progressive: Analysis (3.14) -- 4.8 The attitudinal progressive: Analysis (3.15) -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Cross-variety diachronic drifts and ephemeral regional contrasts -- 1. Introduction -- 2. BrE vs AmE contrasts are ephemeral: Regional comparison in the Brown family at three diachronic sampling points -- 3. Some core modals are on the decline, but the category remains robust: Diachronic trends in the extended Brown family -- 4. Obsolescence and emergence in a volatile system: The semi-modals in the extended Brown family.

5. Conclusion: Time trumps region, and genre remains as the most important source of statistical noise. -- References -- Appendix: Tests for statistical significance - log likelihood values -- Passives of so-called 'ditransitives' in nineteenth century and present-day Canadian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical aspects of the passive and of double-participant verbs -- 2.1 Second passives -- 2.2 First passives -- 2.3 Prepositional passives -- 3. The corpora -- 4. Competing types of passives, analysis and theoretical background -- 4.1 Choice of verbs and characterisation of passives investigated -- 4.2 Active-passive relationships with double-participant verbs -- 4.3 Functional analyses of transitive verbs with respect to passivisation -- 4.4 The interplay of passivisation and NP-extraction -- 5. Results -- 5.1 Passives in 19th century versus Present-day CanE -- 5.2 Passives in the Strathy corpus: Using a broader database -- 5.3 The verbs bring and deny -- 6. Analysis of major patterns of passivisation and their restrictions -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Dual adverbs in Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Previous corpus-based research on variation in dual adverbs -- 3. Methodology -- 3.1 Data sources for this study -- 3.2 Selection of dual adverbs for this study -- 3.3 Analysis of contexts of discourse and syntax -- 4. Contextual distribution of zero and -ly forms of adverbs in current AusE -- 4.1 Preliminary analysis: Distribution of dual adverbs in spoken and written discourse -- 4.2 Syntactic contexts of occurrence for dual adverbs in current AusE and their semantics -- 4.2.1 Bad/badly -- 4.2.2 Close/closely -- 4.2.3 High/highly -- 4.2.4 Quick, slow -- 4.3 Summary of 20th century AusE usage of five dual adverbs -- 5. Distribution of dual adverbs in earlier AusE -- 6. Distribution of dual adverbs in 19th and 20th century BrE.

6.1 Dual adverbs in 19th century BrE narrative and current affairs texts -- 6.2 Dual adverbs in 20th century BrE: Data from ICE-GB -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- The evolution of epistemic marking in West Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2. Data and method -- 2.1 Data -- 2.2 Coding -- 4.2 The grammaticalisation of AusE think: Empirical evidence -- 3.1 Overall distribution -- 4. Discussion and conclusions -- References -- May and might in nineteenth-century Irish English and English English* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical development of past time reference with may and might -- 2.1 Objective possibility -- 2.2 Subjective possibility -- 3. Sources -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Objective possibility -- 4.1.1 -P/past -remote -- 4.1.2 -P/past +remote -- 4.1.3 +P/past -remote -- 4.1.4 +P/past +remote -- 4.2 Subjective possibility -- 4.2.1 -M/past -P/past -remote -- 4.2.2 -M/past -P/past +remote -- 4.2.3 -M/past +P/past -remote -- 4.2.4 +M/past +P/past -remote -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- The present perfect and the preterite in Australian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Variation and change in the English PP and SP -- 3. Data -- 4. The variable rule analysis -- 5. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Part 2. Outer circle Englishes -- Recent diachronic change in the progressive in Philippine English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The progressive aspect -- 3. Previous studies of the progressive -- 4. The present study -- 5. Regional and stylistic distribution -- 6. Progressive forms -- 6.1 Progressive VPs -- 6.2 Progressive passives -- 7. Special uses -- 7.1 The futurate progressive -- 7.2 The 'future as a matter-of-course' progressive -- 7.3 The habitual always progressive -- 7.4 The interpretive progressive -- 8. Contracted forms -- 9. Stative verbs -- 10. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement.

References -- Linguistic change in a multilingual setting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The quotative system -- 2.1 Quotatives in native-speaker Englishes: A diachronic perspective -- 2.2 Quotatives in native-speaker Englishes: A synchronic view -- 3. Data and methods -- 4. Overall distribution of variants -- 5. Multivariate analyses and diachronic comparisons -- 5.1 Verbs of reporting -- 5.2 Zero quotatives -- 5.3 Verbs of mental activity and perception -- 5.4 Be like -- 5.5 Okay (fine) -- 6. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Patterns of regularisation in British, American and Indian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Irregular regularisation: AmE vs BrE -- 3. IndE -- 3.1 The position of IndE in Schneider's Dynamic Model -- 3.2 Some examples of (structural) nativisation -- 4. Research questions -- 5. The data -- 5.1 Synchronic data -- 5.2 Diachronic data -- 6. Data analysis -- 6.1 Synchronic data -- 6.1.1 General overview -- 6.1.2 Internal variation -- 6.2 Diachronic data -- 6.2.1 LOB, FLOB, BROWN, and FROWN -- 6.2.2 Kolhapur vs LOB, FLOB, BROWN and FROWN -- 6.2.3 ICE-GB, ICE-USA and ICE-India -- 6.2.4 Kolhapur, ICE-India and GloWbE -- 7. Accounting for the variation between ed and t forms -- 7.1 Frequency -- 7.2 Salience of change -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- An apparent time study of the progressive in Nigerian English* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The progressive in English -- 3. Data and methods -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Frequency of the progressive -- 4.2 Frequency of extended uses of the progressive -- 5. General discussion and comparison with other varieties of English -- References -- Appendix -- American influence on written Caribbean English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Bahamas and Trinidad and Tobago: Sociohistorical and sociolinguistic background -- 3. Data and method -- 4. Contractions -- 5. The be-passive.

6. Relative that vs which.

This chapter examines the use of the progressive aspect in Black South African English (BSAfE) since the late 19th century in corpora of fiction and newspapers. Previous research points to on-going change in native varieties and the extension to stative contexts in non-native varieties of English. The findings are: There has been a consistent increase in the frequency of the construction. Stative and achievement verbs are used in the progressive aspect proportionally more often in BSAfE than in native varieties. The progressive with stative verbs encodes states of longer duration alongside the meaning of temporary duration which is conventional in native varieties. The functional differences are not a recent or gradual innovation, but are present from the earliest available BSAfE data. Keywords: Black South African English; progressive aspect; stative verbs; duration.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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