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Pediatric and Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation : From Basics to Clinical Practice.

By: Material type: TextTextPublisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2014Copyright date: ©2015Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (1584 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783642012198
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Pediatric and Neonatal Mechanical VentilationDDC classification:
  • 618.92200428
LOC classification:
  • RC86-88.9
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Contents -- Part I: Basics of Respiratory Physiology and Mechanics in the Neonate and the Growing Child -- 1: Development of the Respiratory System (Including the Preterm Infant) -- 1.1 Prenatal Development -- 1.1.1 Embryonic and Fetal Development of the Airways -- 1.1.2 Branching Morphogenesis -- 1.1.3 Differentiation of the Conducting Airway Epithelium -- 1.1.4 The Establishment of the Air-Blood Interface -- 1.1.5 Development of the Embryonic and Fetal Pulmonary Vascular System -- 1.1.5.1 The Extrapulmonary Vessels -- 1.1.5.2 The Intrapulmonary Vessels and Microcirculation -- 1.2 Postnatal Lung Development -- 1.2.1 Postnatal Lung Development: Alveolarization -- 1.2.2 The Formation of the Alveoli -- 1.2.3 The Regulation of Secondary Septation -- 1.2.3.1 ECM -- 1.2.3.2 Growth Factors -- 1.2.3.3 Transcription Factors -- 1.2.3.4 Retinoic Acid and Glucocorticoids -- 1.2.4 The Pulmonary Vascular System in Alveolar Development -- 1.2.5 Regulation of Postnatal Vascular Growth -- References -- 2: The Neonatal Neuromechanical Unit: Generalities of Operation -- 2.1 Generalities -- 2.2 Neural Output -- 2.3 Translation of Muscle Contraction into Pulmonary Ventilation -- 2.3.1 Step 1. Force Generation -- 2.3.2 Step 2. Pressure Generation -- 2.3.3 Step 3. Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics -- 2.4 Mechanical Constraints and Breathing Pattern -- 2.4.1 Chest Wall Distortion -- 2.4.2 Low Resting Volume: Problems and Solutions -- 2.5 Feedback Regulation -- 2.5.1 Vagal Feedback -- 2.5.2 Extrapulmonary Ventilatory Reflexes -- 2.5.3 Chemical Feedback -- 2.5.3.1 Hypoxia -- 2.5.3.2 Hypercapnia -- Conclusions -- References -- 3: Basics of Gas Exchange -- 3.1 Pulmonary Gas Exchange -- 3.2 Alveolar Ventilation and Alveolar PO2 -- 3.3 Intrapulmonary Shunt -- 3.4 Dead Space -- 3.5 Blood-Gas Equilibrium -- 3.6 Tissue Oxygenation.
3.7 Metabolic Rate -- 3.8 Interpretation of Arterial and Venous Blood Gases -- References -- 4: The Respiratory System -- 4.1 Physiology of the Upper Airway and Control in Breathing -- 4.1.1 Introduction: Breathing and the Upper Airway -- 4.1.2 Nasal Functions in Breathing -- 4.1.2.1 Air Conditioning and Vascularity -- 4.1.2.2 Nasal Reflexes and Protection -- 4.1.2.3 Nasal Patency and Resistance -- 4.1.3 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Functions in Breathing -- 4.1.3.1 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Patencies and Obstructive Apnea -- 4.1.3.2 Sucking, Nutritive Swallowing, and Breathing -- 4.1.3.3 Nonnutritive Swallowing, Aspiration, and Swallow Breaths -- 4.1.4 Laryngeal Functions in Breathing and Control in Breathing -- 4.1.4.1 Laryngeal Opening and Closure in Airway Protection and Breathing -- 4.1.4.1.1 Laryngeal Closure and Airway Protection -- 4.1.4.1.2 Eupnea: Glottic Aperture Size and Flow/Volume Control -- 4.1.4.1.3 Integrative Central Control and Effects -- 4.1.4.2 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles and Control in Breathing -- 4.1.4.2.1 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles in Eupnea and Grunting -- 4.1.4.3 Laryngeal and Pump Muscle Breathing Patterns in the Fetus and Newborn -- 4.1.5 Control of Coordinated Laryngeal and Pump Muscle Activities -- 4.1.5.1 Laryngeal Protective, Lower Airway and Chest Wall Afferents -- 4.1.5.2 Central and Chemical Control -- Conclusion -- 4.2 Mechanics of the Lung, Airways, and the Chest Wall -- 4.2.1 Background -- 4.2.1.1 Passive Tests of Respiratory Mechanics -- 4.2.1.2 Dynamic Tests of Respiratory Mechanics -- 4.2.2 Developmental Considerations -- 4.2.2.1 Airway and Lung Development -- 4.2.2.1.1 Dysanapsis -- 4.2.2.2 Sex Differences in Respiratory Mechanics -- 4.2.2.3 Periconceptional and Intrauterine Exposures -- 4.2.3 Mechanical Properties of the Airways, Lung, and Chest Wall in Infancy and Childhood.
4.2.3.1 The Airways -- 4.2.3.2 The Lungs -- 4.2.3.3 The Chest Wall and Respiratory Musculature -- 4.2.3.4 Summary -- 4.3 Respiratory Mechanics in Neonatal Pathologies -- 4.3.1 Acute Neonatal Lung Disease -- 4.3.1.1 Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn -- 4.3.1.2 Respiratory Distress Syndrome -- 4.3.1.3 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome -- 4.3.1.4 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn -- 4.3.1.5 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia -- 4.3.2 Chronic Neonatal Lung Disease -- 4.3.2.1 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia -- 4.3.2.2 Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness -- 4.4 Respiratory Mechanics in Pediatric Diseases -- 4.4.1 Restrictive Lung Disease -- 4.4.1.1 Restrictive Ventilatory Defect of Pulmonary Origin -- 4.4.1.1.1 Chronic ILD -- 4.4.1.1.2 ALI/ARDS -- 4.4.1.1.2.1 Acute Phase -- 4.4.1.1.2.2 Long-Term Sequelae -- 4.4.1.2 Restrictive Defect Arising in the Chest Wall -- 4.4.1.2.1 Obesity -- 4.4.1.2.2 Scoliosis -- 4.4.1.2.2.1 Neuromuscular Scoliosis -- 4.4.2 Obstructive Lung Disease -- 4.4.2.1 Childhood Asthma and Wheezing Disorders -- 4.4.2.1.1 Forced Expiratory Volumes (FEV) and F/V Curves -- 4.4.2.1.2 Lung V -- 4.4.2.1.3 R Measurement in Preschool Children -- 4.4.2.2 Cystic Fibrosis (CF) -- 4.4.2.2.1 FEVs and FEFs -- 4.4.2.2.2 Lung V Measurements and Other Techniques Detecting Small Airway Obstruction -- 4.4.2.2.3 Obstructive Ventilatory Defect -- 4.4.2.2.4 Restrictive Ventilatory Defect -- 4.4.2.3 Long-Term Sequelae of Neonatal Lung Disease and Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy (CLD) -- 4.4.2.3.1 In the First Months of Life -- 4.4.2.3.2 During Infancy and Early Childhood -- 4.4.2.3.3 School-Age Children -- 4.4.2.4 Obstructive Airway Disease Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO) -- 4.4.3 Neuromuscular Disease (NMD) -- 4.4.3.1 Lung V -- 4.4.3.2 F/V Curves -- 4.4.3.3 Respiratory P -- References.
Part II: Basics of Respiratory Support and Mechanical Ventilation -- 5: Neonatal Intubation (Specific Considerations) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physiological Effects -- 5.2.1 Hemodynamic Changes -- 5.2.1.1 Heart Rate -- 5.2.1.2 Arterial Blood Pressure -- 5.2.2 Respiratory Changes -- 5.2.3 Neurological Effects -- 5.2.3.1 Intracranial Pressure -- 5.2.3.2 Pain -- 5.3 Specific Difficulties and Complications of Neonatal Intubation -- 5.3.1 Neonatal Upper Airways -- 5.3.2 Indications for Intubation -- 5.3.3 Complications of Neonatal Intubation -- 5.4 Recommendations for Clinical Practice -- 5.4.1 Technical Preparation -- 5.4.2 Intubation Route -- 5.4.3 Premedication Use -- 5.4.4 Tube Positioning -- 5.4.4.1 Intratracheal Position -- 5.4.4.2 Tube Length -- Conclusion -- References -- 6: Oxygen Supplementation, Delivery, and Physiologic Effects -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Oxygen Delivery Systems -- 6.2.1 Low-Flow Devices -- 6.2.1.1 Nasal Cannulae -- 6.2.1.2 Simple Face Mask -- 6.2.1.3 Venturi Face Mask or Tracheostomy Collar -- 6.2.2 High-Flow Devices -- 6.2.2.1 High-Flow Nasal Cannulae -- 6.2.2.2 Non-rebreather Face Masks -- 6.2.2.3 Partial Rebreather Face Masks -- 6.2.2.4 Oxyhood -- 6.2.2.5 Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) -- 6.2.2.6 Oxygen Delivery via Invasive Mechanical Ventilation -- 6.2.2.7 Hyperbaric Oxygen -- 6.3 Physiologic Effects of Oxygen Breathing -- 6.3.1 Respiratory Effects -- 6.3.1.1 Breathing Control -- 6.3.1.1.1 Sensors -- 6.3.1.1.2 Central Control -- 6.3.1.1.3 Effectors (Respiratory Muscles) -- 6.3.1.1.4 Special Considerations for Infants -- 6.3.1.2 Pulmonary Vasodilatation -- 6.3.1.2.1 Specific Therapies to Decrease PVR -- 6.3.1.3 Absorption Atelectasis -- 6.3.1.4 Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity -- 6.3.2 Non-respiratory Effects of Oxygen -- 6.3.2.1 Hemodynamic Effects -- 6.3.2.1.1 Response to Oxygen.
6.3.2.2 Oxygen Consumption -- 6.3.2.3 Retinopathy of the Prematurely Born Infant (ROP) -- 6.3.2.3.1 Pathophysiology -- 6.3.2.3.2 Risk Factors -- 6.3.2.3.3 Screening Guidelines -- 6.3.2.3.4 Current Treatments -- 6.3.3 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO) -- 6.3.3.1 CO Poisoning -- 6.3.3.2 Wound Healing -- 6.3.3.3 Air Emboli -- 6.3.3.4 Toxicity/Complications -- References -- 7: Nasal CPAP: An Evidence-Based Assessment -- 7.1 History of NCPAP -- 7.2 Description of NCPAP Devices -- 7.2.1 Continuous Flow -- 7.2.2 Variable Flow -- 7.2.3 Bi-level CPAP -- 7.2.4 Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) -- 7.3 Assessing the NCPAP Data -- 7.3.1 NCPAP Used at Resuscitation -- 7.3.2 NCPAP Used Early or Prophylactically for Respiratory Distress -- 7.3.3 NCPAP Used in Conjunction with Exogenous Surfactant -- 7.3.4 NCPAP for Extubation -- 7.3.5 NCPAP Used for Apnea -- 7.4 Comparative Studies of NCPAP Devices -- 7.4.1 Infant Studies -- 7.4.2 Model and Animal Studies -- 7.5 High-flow Nasal Cannula -- 7.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 8: Mechanical Ventilation -- 8.1 Conventional Mechanical Ventilation -- 8.1.1 Classification of Mechanical Ventilators -- 8.1.1.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1.2 Mechanical Ventilators -- 8.1.1.3 Continuous-Flow Systems -- 8.1.1.4 Variable-Flow Systems -- 8.1.1.5 Constant-Flow Systems -- Conclusions -- 8.1.2 Patient-Ventilator Interface -- 8.1.2.1 Introduction -- 8.1.2.2 Effects of the Patient Circuit -- 8.1.2.2.1 The Endotracheal Tube -- 8.1.2.3 Apparatus Dead Space -- 8.1.2.4 Imposed Work of Breathing and Pressure-Support Ventilation -- 8.1.2.5 Summary -- 8.1.3 Ventilator Modes -- 8.1.3.1 Introduction -- 8.1.3.2 Controlled Ventilation -- 8.1.3.2.1 Waveforms -- 8.1.3.2.2 Control Variables -- 8.1.3.2.3 Phase Variables -- 8.1.3.2.3.1 Trigger Variables.
8.1.3.2.3.2 Limit Variables.
Summary: This text focuses on the effective delivery of respiratory support to children, infants and newborns. It covers physiological, mechanical, ethical and educational topics. It also explains step-by-step rational use of mechanical ventilation.
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Intro -- Contents -- Part I: Basics of Respiratory Physiology and Mechanics in the Neonate and the Growing Child -- 1: Development of the Respiratory System (Including the Preterm Infant) -- 1.1 Prenatal Development -- 1.1.1 Embryonic and Fetal Development of the Airways -- 1.1.2 Branching Morphogenesis -- 1.1.3 Differentiation of the Conducting Airway Epithelium -- 1.1.4 The Establishment of the Air-Blood Interface -- 1.1.5 Development of the Embryonic and Fetal Pulmonary Vascular System -- 1.1.5.1 The Extrapulmonary Vessels -- 1.1.5.2 The Intrapulmonary Vessels and Microcirculation -- 1.2 Postnatal Lung Development -- 1.2.1 Postnatal Lung Development: Alveolarization -- 1.2.2 The Formation of the Alveoli -- 1.2.3 The Regulation of Secondary Septation -- 1.2.3.1 ECM -- 1.2.3.2 Growth Factors -- 1.2.3.3 Transcription Factors -- 1.2.3.4 Retinoic Acid and Glucocorticoids -- 1.2.4 The Pulmonary Vascular System in Alveolar Development -- 1.2.5 Regulation of Postnatal Vascular Growth -- References -- 2: The Neonatal Neuromechanical Unit: Generalities of Operation -- 2.1 Generalities -- 2.2 Neural Output -- 2.3 Translation of Muscle Contraction into Pulmonary Ventilation -- 2.3.1 Step 1. Force Generation -- 2.3.2 Step 2. Pressure Generation -- 2.3.3 Step 3. Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics -- 2.4 Mechanical Constraints and Breathing Pattern -- 2.4.1 Chest Wall Distortion -- 2.4.2 Low Resting Volume: Problems and Solutions -- 2.5 Feedback Regulation -- 2.5.1 Vagal Feedback -- 2.5.2 Extrapulmonary Ventilatory Reflexes -- 2.5.3 Chemical Feedback -- 2.5.3.1 Hypoxia -- 2.5.3.2 Hypercapnia -- Conclusions -- References -- 3: Basics of Gas Exchange -- 3.1 Pulmonary Gas Exchange -- 3.2 Alveolar Ventilation and Alveolar PO2 -- 3.3 Intrapulmonary Shunt -- 3.4 Dead Space -- 3.5 Blood-Gas Equilibrium -- 3.6 Tissue Oxygenation.

3.7 Metabolic Rate -- 3.8 Interpretation of Arterial and Venous Blood Gases -- References -- 4: The Respiratory System -- 4.1 Physiology of the Upper Airway and Control in Breathing -- 4.1.1 Introduction: Breathing and the Upper Airway -- 4.1.2 Nasal Functions in Breathing -- 4.1.2.1 Air Conditioning and Vascularity -- 4.1.2.2 Nasal Reflexes and Protection -- 4.1.2.3 Nasal Patency and Resistance -- 4.1.3 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Functions in Breathing -- 4.1.3.1 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Patencies and Obstructive Apnea -- 4.1.3.2 Sucking, Nutritive Swallowing, and Breathing -- 4.1.3.3 Nonnutritive Swallowing, Aspiration, and Swallow Breaths -- 4.1.4 Laryngeal Functions in Breathing and Control in Breathing -- 4.1.4.1 Laryngeal Opening and Closure in Airway Protection and Breathing -- 4.1.4.1.1 Laryngeal Closure and Airway Protection -- 4.1.4.1.2 Eupnea: Glottic Aperture Size and Flow/Volume Control -- 4.1.4.1.3 Integrative Central Control and Effects -- 4.1.4.2 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles and Control in Breathing -- 4.1.4.2.1 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles in Eupnea and Grunting -- 4.1.4.3 Laryngeal and Pump Muscle Breathing Patterns in the Fetus and Newborn -- 4.1.5 Control of Coordinated Laryngeal and Pump Muscle Activities -- 4.1.5.1 Laryngeal Protective, Lower Airway and Chest Wall Afferents -- 4.1.5.2 Central and Chemical Control -- Conclusion -- 4.2 Mechanics of the Lung, Airways, and the Chest Wall -- 4.2.1 Background -- 4.2.1.1 Passive Tests of Respiratory Mechanics -- 4.2.1.2 Dynamic Tests of Respiratory Mechanics -- 4.2.2 Developmental Considerations -- 4.2.2.1 Airway and Lung Development -- 4.2.2.1.1 Dysanapsis -- 4.2.2.2 Sex Differences in Respiratory Mechanics -- 4.2.2.3 Periconceptional and Intrauterine Exposures -- 4.2.3 Mechanical Properties of the Airways, Lung, and Chest Wall in Infancy and Childhood.

4.2.3.1 The Airways -- 4.2.3.2 The Lungs -- 4.2.3.3 The Chest Wall and Respiratory Musculature -- 4.2.3.4 Summary -- 4.3 Respiratory Mechanics in Neonatal Pathologies -- 4.3.1 Acute Neonatal Lung Disease -- 4.3.1.1 Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn -- 4.3.1.2 Respiratory Distress Syndrome -- 4.3.1.3 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome -- 4.3.1.4 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn -- 4.3.1.5 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia -- 4.3.2 Chronic Neonatal Lung Disease -- 4.3.2.1 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia -- 4.3.2.2 Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness -- 4.4 Respiratory Mechanics in Pediatric Diseases -- 4.4.1 Restrictive Lung Disease -- 4.4.1.1 Restrictive Ventilatory Defect of Pulmonary Origin -- 4.4.1.1.1 Chronic ILD -- 4.4.1.1.2 ALI/ARDS -- 4.4.1.1.2.1 Acute Phase -- 4.4.1.1.2.2 Long-Term Sequelae -- 4.4.1.2 Restrictive Defect Arising in the Chest Wall -- 4.4.1.2.1 Obesity -- 4.4.1.2.2 Scoliosis -- 4.4.1.2.2.1 Neuromuscular Scoliosis -- 4.4.2 Obstructive Lung Disease -- 4.4.2.1 Childhood Asthma and Wheezing Disorders -- 4.4.2.1.1 Forced Expiratory Volumes (FEV) and F/V Curves -- 4.4.2.1.2 Lung V -- 4.4.2.1.3 R Measurement in Preschool Children -- 4.4.2.2 Cystic Fibrosis (CF) -- 4.4.2.2.1 FEVs and FEFs -- 4.4.2.2.2 Lung V Measurements and Other Techniques Detecting Small Airway Obstruction -- 4.4.2.2.3 Obstructive Ventilatory Defect -- 4.4.2.2.4 Restrictive Ventilatory Defect -- 4.4.2.3 Long-Term Sequelae of Neonatal Lung Disease and Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy (CLD) -- 4.4.2.3.1 In the First Months of Life -- 4.4.2.3.2 During Infancy and Early Childhood -- 4.4.2.3.3 School-Age Children -- 4.4.2.4 Obstructive Airway Disease Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO) -- 4.4.3 Neuromuscular Disease (NMD) -- 4.4.3.1 Lung V -- 4.4.3.2 F/V Curves -- 4.4.3.3 Respiratory P -- References.

Part II: Basics of Respiratory Support and Mechanical Ventilation -- 5: Neonatal Intubation (Specific Considerations) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physiological Effects -- 5.2.1 Hemodynamic Changes -- 5.2.1.1 Heart Rate -- 5.2.1.2 Arterial Blood Pressure -- 5.2.2 Respiratory Changes -- 5.2.3 Neurological Effects -- 5.2.3.1 Intracranial Pressure -- 5.2.3.2 Pain -- 5.3 Specific Difficulties and Complications of Neonatal Intubation -- 5.3.1 Neonatal Upper Airways -- 5.3.2 Indications for Intubation -- 5.3.3 Complications of Neonatal Intubation -- 5.4 Recommendations for Clinical Practice -- 5.4.1 Technical Preparation -- 5.4.2 Intubation Route -- 5.4.3 Premedication Use -- 5.4.4 Tube Positioning -- 5.4.4.1 Intratracheal Position -- 5.4.4.2 Tube Length -- Conclusion -- References -- 6: Oxygen Supplementation, Delivery, and Physiologic Effects -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Oxygen Delivery Systems -- 6.2.1 Low-Flow Devices -- 6.2.1.1 Nasal Cannulae -- 6.2.1.2 Simple Face Mask -- 6.2.1.3 Venturi Face Mask or Tracheostomy Collar -- 6.2.2 High-Flow Devices -- 6.2.2.1 High-Flow Nasal Cannulae -- 6.2.2.2 Non-rebreather Face Masks -- 6.2.2.3 Partial Rebreather Face Masks -- 6.2.2.4 Oxyhood -- 6.2.2.5 Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) -- 6.2.2.6 Oxygen Delivery via Invasive Mechanical Ventilation -- 6.2.2.7 Hyperbaric Oxygen -- 6.3 Physiologic Effects of Oxygen Breathing -- 6.3.1 Respiratory Effects -- 6.3.1.1 Breathing Control -- 6.3.1.1.1 Sensors -- 6.3.1.1.2 Central Control -- 6.3.1.1.3 Effectors (Respiratory Muscles) -- 6.3.1.1.4 Special Considerations for Infants -- 6.3.1.2 Pulmonary Vasodilatation -- 6.3.1.2.1 Specific Therapies to Decrease PVR -- 6.3.1.3 Absorption Atelectasis -- 6.3.1.4 Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity -- 6.3.2 Non-respiratory Effects of Oxygen -- 6.3.2.1 Hemodynamic Effects -- 6.3.2.1.1 Response to Oxygen.

6.3.2.2 Oxygen Consumption -- 6.3.2.3 Retinopathy of the Prematurely Born Infant (ROP) -- 6.3.2.3.1 Pathophysiology -- 6.3.2.3.2 Risk Factors -- 6.3.2.3.3 Screening Guidelines -- 6.3.2.3.4 Current Treatments -- 6.3.3 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO) -- 6.3.3.1 CO Poisoning -- 6.3.3.2 Wound Healing -- 6.3.3.3 Air Emboli -- 6.3.3.4 Toxicity/Complications -- References -- 7: Nasal CPAP: An Evidence-Based Assessment -- 7.1 History of NCPAP -- 7.2 Description of NCPAP Devices -- 7.2.1 Continuous Flow -- 7.2.2 Variable Flow -- 7.2.3 Bi-level CPAP -- 7.2.4 Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) -- 7.3 Assessing the NCPAP Data -- 7.3.1 NCPAP Used at Resuscitation -- 7.3.2 NCPAP Used Early or Prophylactically for Respiratory Distress -- 7.3.3 NCPAP Used in Conjunction with Exogenous Surfactant -- 7.3.4 NCPAP for Extubation -- 7.3.5 NCPAP Used for Apnea -- 7.4 Comparative Studies of NCPAP Devices -- 7.4.1 Infant Studies -- 7.4.2 Model and Animal Studies -- 7.5 High-flow Nasal Cannula -- 7.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 8: Mechanical Ventilation -- 8.1 Conventional Mechanical Ventilation -- 8.1.1 Classification of Mechanical Ventilators -- 8.1.1.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1.2 Mechanical Ventilators -- 8.1.1.3 Continuous-Flow Systems -- 8.1.1.4 Variable-Flow Systems -- 8.1.1.5 Constant-Flow Systems -- Conclusions -- 8.1.2 Patient-Ventilator Interface -- 8.1.2.1 Introduction -- 8.1.2.2 Effects of the Patient Circuit -- 8.1.2.2.1 The Endotracheal Tube -- 8.1.2.3 Apparatus Dead Space -- 8.1.2.4 Imposed Work of Breathing and Pressure-Support Ventilation -- 8.1.2.5 Summary -- 8.1.3 Ventilator Modes -- 8.1.3.1 Introduction -- 8.1.3.2 Controlled Ventilation -- 8.1.3.2.1 Waveforms -- 8.1.3.2.2 Control Variables -- 8.1.3.2.3 Phase Variables -- 8.1.3.2.3.1 Trigger Variables.

8.1.3.2.3.2 Limit Variables.

This text focuses on the effective delivery of respiratory support to children, infants and newborns. It covers physiological, mechanical, ethical and educational topics. It also explains step-by-step rational use of mechanical ventilation.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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