Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents.

Front Cover -- Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- I. Introduction, Historical Perspective, and Epidemiology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Perspective of Chemical Warfare Agents -- Introduction -- The First Sustained Use of Chemicals as Agents of War -- Initial Countermeasures -- Events After World War I -- World War II -- Post-World War II -- Incapacitants and Toxins -- Recent Experience -- Terrorist Use -- Concluding Remarks and Future Research -- References -- 3 Global Impact of Chemical Warfare Agents Used Before and After 1945 -- Introduction -- Background -- Military use of CWs -- The Period Between World War I and World War II -- World War II -- The Period after World War II and the Cold War -- Iraq-Iran and Afghanistan War -- Vietnam War -- Development of VX Agent -- Persian Gulf War -- Syria -- Unintentional Use of Toxic Chemicals -- Terrorist Use of CWs -- Negotiations -- Concluding Remarks and Future Direction -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 The Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack: Acute and Delayed Health Effects in Survivors -- Introduction -- Sarin Toxicity and Mechanism of Onset -- Overview of the Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack -- Emergency Treatment of Sarin Toxicity -- Acute and Chronic Symptoms of Sarin Toxicity -- Long-Lasting Indefinite Complaints of Sarin-Exposed Victims -- Laboratory Findings in Sarin Toxicity -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Early and Delayed Effects of Sulfur Mustard in Iranian Veterans After the Iraq-Iran Conflict -- Introduction -- Brief Chemistry -- Summarized Historical Uses -- Types and Routes of Exposure -- Human Toxicity -- Main Mechanisms of Toxicity -- Target Organs and Acute Clinical Features -- Hematoimmunological Complications -- Delayed Clinical Complications.

Respiratory Tract -- Chronic Bronchitis -- Asthma -- Bronchiectasis -- Large Airway Narrowing -- Pulmonary Fibrosis -- Peripheral Neuromuscular Complications -- Dermal Delayed Effects -- Ophthalmologic Complications -- Psychiatric Complications -- Carcinogenicity -- Reproductive -- Cardiovascular Complications -- Recent Advances in SM Poisoning and its Complications -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- 6 Epidemiology of Chemical Warfare Agents -- Introduction -- Pre-World War II -- World War II -- Post-World War II -- Iran-Iraq War -- 1991 Gulf War -- Terrorism -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- 7 Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism: A Threat Analysis -- Introduction -- CWs for Terrorist Actions -- "Classical" Chemical Warfare Agents: Vesicants and Nerve Agents -- Incapacitating Agents -- Riot Control Agents -- Toxic Industrial Chemicals -- Toxins -- Extortion Activities with CWs -- State Terrorism -- Nationalist and Separatist Terrorist Groups -- Left-Wing Terrorist Groups -- Right-Wing Terrorist Groups and Lone Wolves -- Apocalyptic Cults: Aum Shinrikyo -- Jihadist Terrorism: Al Qaeda -- Al Qaeda's WMD Intentions -- Al Qaeda's CWs Capabilities -- Al Qaeda Plots with CWs -- Nerve Agents -- Cyanides -- Ricin -- Toxic Industrial Chemicals -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- II. Agents that can be Used as Weapons of Mass Destruction -- 8 Mustards and Vesicants -- Introduction -- Sulfur Mustards -- Nitrogen Mustards -- Lewisite -- History and Background -- Sulfur Mustards -- Nitrogen Mustards -- Lewisite -- Toxicokinetics -- Sulfur Mustards -- Nitrogen Mustards -- Lewisite -- Mechanism of Action -- Sulfur Mustards -- Nitrogen Mustards -- Lewisite -- Toxicity -- Sulfur Mustard -- Nitrogen Mustards -- Lewisite -- Risk Assessment -- Sulfur Mustards -- Noncancer.

Cancer -- Nitrogen Mustards -- Noncancer -- Cancer -- Lewisite -- Noncancer -- Cancer -- Treatment -- Sulfur Mustard -- Nitrogen Mustards -- Lewisite -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- 9 Organophosphate Nerve Agents -- Introduction -- Background -- Development of Organophosphate Formulations as CW Agents -- Physical and Chemical Properties of Nerve Agents -- Mechanism of Action -- Direct Nervous System Effects -- Binding with Blood Cholinesterases -- Binding with Other Enzymes -- Toxicity -- Effects -- Minimal Potential for Delayed Neuropathy -- Evaluation of Other Potential Effects -- Inhalation/Ocular Toxicity in Human Subjects -- Agent GB -- Agents VX and Vx -- Inhalation/Ocular Toxicity in Laboratory Species -- G-Series Agents -- Lethal Levels -- Sublethal Levels -- Agent VX -- Lethal Levels -- Sublethal Level -- Risk Assessment -- Acute Exposure Guideline Levels -- Application of AEGL Values -- Estimated Oral Reference Doses -- Treatment -- Critical Role of Decontamination -- Signs and Symptoms Guiding Medical Management -- Nerve Agent Antidotes -- Ongoing Antidote Development -- Pretreatment When Exposure Is Likely -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Russian VX -- Introduction and Background -- Monitoring of RVX -- Ambient Monitoring and Environmental Persistence of RVX -- Biomonitoring and Toxicokinetics of RVX -- GC-MS and HPLC-MS Analyses of RVX Metabolites -- MS/MS Analysis of Human Albumin -- Mechanisms of Action and Principles of Therapy -- Acute Intoxication with RVX -- Delayed Effects: Chronic and Subchronic Intoxication with RVX -- Delayed Effects: Embryo- and Gonadotoxicity, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis -- Principles of Therapy -- Toxicometry and Hygienic Regulations -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- 11 Riot Control Agents.

Introduction -- History -- Background -- The Agents and Their Physicochemical Properties -- Chloroacetophenone (CN) -- Ortho-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) -- Dibenz(b,f)-1:4-Oxazepine (CR) -- Diphenylaminechlorarsine (DM) -- Oleoresin Capsicum -- Pelargonic Acid Vanillylamide -- Mechanism of Action -- CS, CN, and CR -- Capsaicinoids -- Toxicokinetics -- Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of CS -- Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of CR -- Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of CN -- Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of Capsaicins -- Toxicity -- Ophthalmological Effects -- CN and CS -- CR -- Capsaicin -- Nasal/Pharyngeal Toxicity -- Cardiovascular Toxicity -- Respiratory Toxicity -- CN and CS Toxicity in Animals -- CR -- Capsaicin -- Neurologic Toxicity -- Gastrointestinal Toxicity -- Dermatological Toxicity -- Other Toxicity -- Lethality -- Risk Assessment -- Identification of Intended and Unintended Effects -- Dose Response -- Exposure Assessment -- Characterization of the Risk and Risk Management -- Treatment -- Eyes -- Skin -- Respiratory -- Concluding Remarks and Future Direction -- References -- 12 Psychotomimetic Agent BZ (3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate) -- Introduction -- Background -- Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Action -- Toxicity -- Symptoms -- Risk Assessment -- Treatment -- Analytical Methods -- Concluding Remarks and Future direction -- References -- 13 Neurological Effects and Mechanisms of Blast Overpressure Injury -- Introduction -- Blast Waves and Injury Physics -- Defining and Diagnosing bTBI -- Experimental Animal Models of bTBI -- Neurological Effects -- Injury and Recovery Mechanisms -- Body Fluid-Based Biomarkers of Injury -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- 14 Thallium -- Introduction -- Background -- Toxicokinetics -- Mechanism of Action -- Toxicity -- Risk Assessment -- Treatment.

Concluding Remarks and Future directions -- References -- 15 Arsenicals: Toxicity, Their Use as Chemical Warfare Agents, and Possible Remedial Measures -- Introduction -- Background -- Arsine -- Synthesis of Arsine -- Sources of Exposure -- Human Arsine Exposure -- Metabolism of Arsine -- Animal Studies -- Human Studies -- Mechanism of Toxicity -- Effects on Humans -- Acute Arsine Poisoning -- Physical Signs -- Immediate Effects -- Late Effects -- Long-Term Exposure -- Diagnostic Tests -- Laboratory Studies -- Complications -- Organic Arsenicals -- Background -- Mechanism of Toxicity -- Symptoms -- Methyldichloroarsine -- Structure of MD -- Pathology -- Diphenylchloroarsine -- Structure -- Effects of DA -- Ethyldichloroarsine -- Structure -- Effects of ED -- Lewisite -- History and Background Information -- Toxicity and Mechanism of Action -- Toxicokinetics -- Clinical and Pathological Findings -- Skin -- Eye -- Respiratory System -- Nervous System -- Cardiovascular System -- Other Systems -- Inorganic Arsenic -- Sources and Uses -- Uses -- Exposure -- Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion -- Biochemical and Toxic Effects -- Hematopoietic -- Skin (Dermal) -- Hepatic -- Gastrointestinal -- Respiratory -- Cardiovascular -- Reproductive and Developmental -- Neurological -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Mechanisms of Toxicity -- Oxidative Stress -- Diagnosis -- Clinical Features -- Other Biomarkers -- Treatment -- Chelating Agents and Chelation Therapy -- 2,3-Dimercaprol (Dimercaprol British Anti-Lewisite, BAL) -- Drawbacks -- Meso 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid -- Drawbacks -- Sodium 2,3-Dimercaptopropane-1-Sulfonate -- Drawbacks -- Monoesters of DMSA -- Monoisoamyl DMSA -- Drawbacks -- Role of Antioxidants -- Combination Treatment -- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- 16 Fluoroacetate -- Introduction -- Background -- Toxicokinetics.

Detoxication.

Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, Second Edition covers every aspect of deadly toxic chemicals used in conflicts, warfare and terrorism. Including findings from experimental as well as clinical studies, this essential reference offers in-depth coverage of individual toxicants, target organ toxicity, major incidents, toxic effects in humans, animals and wildlife, biosensors and biomarkers, on-site and laboratory analytical methods, decontamination and detoxification procedures, and countermeasures. Expanding on the ground-breaking first edition, Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents has been completely updated, presenting the most recent advances in field. Brand new chapters include a case study of the Iran-Iraq war, an overview of chemical weapons of mass destruction, explosives, ricin, the human respiratory system, alternative testing methods, brain injuries, and more. Unites world-leading experts to present cutting-edge, agent-specific information on chemical warfare agents and their adverse effects on human and animal health and the environment. Covers all aspects of chemical warfare agent modes of action, detection, prevention, therapeutic treatment and countermeasures. Features a full update on the first edition to reflect the most recent advances in the field as well as nine new chapters.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.