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Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and Loads.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextSeries: Aerospace SeriesPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2015Copyright date: ©2015Edition: 2nd edDescription: 1 online resource (605 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781118700426
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and LoadsDDC classification:
  • 629.132/362
LOC classification:
  • TL574.A37 -- W75 2015eb
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part I Background Material -- Chapter 1 Vibration of Single Degree of Freedom Systems -- 1.1 Setting up Equations of Motion for SDoF Systems -- 1.1.1 Example: Classical SDoF System -- 1.1.2 Example: Aircraft Control Surface -- 1.2 Free Vibration of SDoF Systems -- 1.2.1 Example: Aircraft Control Surface -- 1.3 Forced Vibration of SDoF Systems -- 1.4 Harmonic Forced Vibration - Frequency Response Functions -- 1.4.1 Response to Harmonic Excitation -- 1.4.2 Frequency Response Functions -- 1.4.3 Hysteretic (or Structural) Damping -- 1.5 Transient/Random Forced Vibration - Time Domain Solution -- 1.5.1 Analytical Approach -- 1.5.2 Principle of Superposition -- 1.5.3 Example: Single Cycle of Square Wave Excitation - Response Determined by Superposition -- 1.5.4 Convolution Approach -- 1.5.5 Direct Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations -- 1.5.6 Example: Single Cycle of Square Wave Excitation - Response Determined by Numerical Integration -- 1.6 Transient Forced Vibration - Frequency Domain Solution -- 1.6.1 Analytical Fourier Transform -- 1.6.2 Frequency Domain Response - Excitation Relationship -- 1.6.3 Example: Single Cycle of Square Wave Excitation - Response Determined via Fourier Transform -- 1.7 Random Forced Vibration - Frequency Domain Solution -- 1.8 Examples -- Chapter 2 Vibration of Multiple Degree of Freedom Systems -- 2.1 Setting up Equations of Motion -- 2.2 Undamped Free Vibration -- 2.2.1 Direct Approach -- 2.2.2 Eigenvalue Approach -- 2.2.3 Example: `Chain-like´ 2DoF System -- 2.3 Damped Free Vibration -- 2.3.1 Example: 2DoF `Chain-Like´ System with Proportional Damping -- 2.3.2 Example: 2DoF `Chain-Like´ System with Non-proportional Damping.
2.4 Transformation to Modal Coordinates -- 2.4.1 Modal Coordinates -- 2.4.2 Example: 2DoF `Chain-like´ System with Proportional Damping -- 2.4.3 Example: 2DoF `Chain-like´ System with Non-proportional Damping -- 2.4.4 Mode Shape Normalization -- 2.4.5 Meaning of Modal Coordinates -- 2.4.6 Dimensions of Modal Coordinates -- 2.4.6.1 Consistent Coordinates -- 2.4.6.2 Mixed Coordinates -- 2.4.7 Model Order Reduction -- 2.5 Two-DoF Rigid Aircraft in Heave and Pitch -- 2.6 `Free-Free´ Systems -- 2.7 Harmonic Forced Vibration -- 2.7.1 Equations in Physical Coordinates -- 2.7.2 Equations in Modal Coordinates -- 2.8 Transient/Random Forced Vibration - Time Domain Solution -- 2.8.1 Analytical Approach -- 2.8.2 Convolution Approach -- 2.8.3 Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations -- 2.9 Transient Forced Vibration - Frequency Domain Solution -- 2.10 Random Forced Vibration - Frequency Domain Solution -- 2.11 Examples -- Chapter 3 Vibration of Continuous Systems - Assumed Shapes Approach -- 3.1 Continuous Systems -- 3.2 Modelling Continuous Systems -- 3.3 Elastic and Flexural Axes -- 3.4 Rayleigh-Ritz `Assumed Shapes´ Method -- 3.4.1 One-dimensional Systems -- 3.4.2 Two-dimensional Systems -- 3.4.3 Choice of Assumed Shapes -- 3.4.4 Normal Modes for a Continuous System -- 3.5 Generalized Equations of Motion - Basic Approach -- 3.5.1 Clamped-Free Member in Bending - Single Assumed Shape -- 3.5.2 Clamped-Free Member in Bending - Two Assumed Shapes -- 3.5.3 Clamped-Free Member in Torsion - One Assumed Shape -- 3.6 Generalized Equations of Motion - Matrix Approach -- 3.6.1 Representation of Deformation -- 3.6.2 Kinetic Energy -- 3.6.3 Elastic Potential Energy -- 3.6.4 Incremental Work Done -- 3.6.5 Differentiation of Lagrange´s Equations in Matrix Form -- 3.7 Generating Whole Aircraft `Free-Free´ Modes from `Branch´ Modes -- 3.8 Whole Aircraft `Free-Free´ Modes.
3.9 Examples -- Chapter 4 Introduction to Steady Aerodynamics -- 4.1 The Standard Atmosphere -- 4.2 Effect of Air Speed on Aerodynamic Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Mach Number -- 4.2.2 Reynolds Number -- 4.2.3 Inviscid/Viscous and Incompressible/Compressible Flows -- 4.2.4 Dynamic Pressure -- 4.3 Flows and Pressures Around a Symmetric Aerofoil -- 4.4 Forces on an Aerofoil -- 4.5 Variation of Lift for an Aerofoil at an Angle of Incidence -- 4.6 Pitching Moment Variation and the Aerodynamic Centre -- 4.7 Lift on a Three-dimensional Wing -- 4.7.1 Wing Dimensions -- 4.7.2 Lift Curve Slope of a Three-dimensional Wing -- 4.7.3 Force and Moment Coefficients for a Three-dimensional Wing -- 4.7.4 Strip Theory for a Continuous Wing -- 4.7.5 Strip Theory for a Discretized Wing -- 4.7.6 Panel Methods -- 4.8 Drag on a Three-dimensional Wing -- 4.9 Control Surfaces -- 4.10 Transonic Flows -- 4.11 Examples -- Chapter 5 Introduction to Loads -- 5.1 Laws of Motion -- 5.1.1 Newton´s Laws of Motion for a Particle -- 5.1.2 Generalized Newton´s Laws of Motion for a Body -- 5.1.2.1 Translation -- 5.1.2.2 Rotation -- 5.1.3 Units -- 5.2 D´Alembert´s Principle - Inertia Forces and Couples -- 5.2.1 D´Alembert´s Principle for a Particle -- 5.2.2 Application of d´Alembert´s Principle to a Body -- 5.2.3 Extension to Distributed Inertia Forces -- 5.2.3.1 Translation -- 5.2.3.2 Rotation -- 5.3 External Loads - Applied and Reactive -- 5.3.1 Applied Loads -- 5.3.2 Reactive Loads (Reactions) -- 5.4 Free Body Diagrams -- 5.5 Internal Loads -- 5.6 Internal Loads for a Continuous Member -- 5.6.1 Internal Loads for Uniformly Distributed Loading -- 5.6.1.1 `Exposing´ Internal Loads -- 5.6.1.2 Determining Internal Loads via Equilibrium of `Cut´ Sections -- 5.6.1.3 Other Boundary Conditions -- 5.6.2 Internal Loads for Non-uniformly Distributed Loading.
5.6.2.1 Distributed Inertia Forces for a Continuous Member -- 5.6.2.2 Internal Loads for a Continuous Member under Non-uniform Loading -- 5.7 Internal Loads for a Discretized Member -- 5.7.1 Distributed Inertia Forces for a Discretized Member -- 5.7.2 Internal Loads for a Discretized Member -- 5.8 Intercomponent Loads -- 5.9 Obtaining Stresses from Internal Loads - Structural Members with Simple Load Paths -- 5.10 Examples -- Chapter 6 Introduction to Control -- 6.1 Open and Closed Loop Systems -- 6.2 Laplace Transforms -- 6.2.1 Solution of Differential Equations using Laplace Transforms -- 6.3 Modelling of Open and Closed Loop Systems using Laplace and Frequency Domains -- 6.4 Stability of Systems -- 6.4.1 Poles and Zeros -- 6.4.2 Routh-Hurwitz Method -- 6.4.3 Frequency Domain Representation -- 6.4.3.1 Root Locus -- 6.4.3.2 Stability Analysis using Nyquist and Bode Plots -- 6.4.4 Time Domain Representation -- 6.4.4.1 State Space Representation -- 6.5 PID Control -- 6.6 Examples -- Part II Introduction to Aeroelasticity and Loads -- Chapter 7 Static Aeroelasticity - Effect of Wing Flexibility on Lift Distribution and Divergence -- 7.1 Static Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Two-dimensional Rigid Aerofoil with a Torsional Spring Attachment -- 7.1.1 Iterative Approach -- 7.1.1.1 First Iteration -- 7.1.1.2 Further Iterations -- 7.1.2 Direct (Single Step) Approach -- 7.2 Static Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Fixed Root Flexible Wing -- 7.2.1 Twist and Divergence of the Fixed Root Flexible Wing -- 7.2.2 Variation of Lift Along the Fixed Root Flexible Wing -- 7.3 Effect of Trim on Static Aeroelastic Behaviour -- 7.3.1 Effect of Trim on the Divergence and Lift Distribution for a Simple Aircraft Model -- 7.3.2 Effect of Trim on the Variation of Lift along the Wing -- 7.3.3 Effect of Trim on the Wing and Tailplane Lift.
7.4 Effect of Wing Sweep on Static Aeroelastic Behaviour -- 7.4.1 Effect of Wing Sweep on Effective Angle of Incidence -- 7.4.2 Effective Streamwise Angle of Incidence due to Bending/Twisting -- 7.4.3 Effect of Sweep Angle on Divergence Speed -- 7.4.5 Comments -- 7.5 Examples -- Chapter 8 Static Aeroelasticity - Effect of Wing Flexibility on Control Effectiveness -- 8.1 Rolling Effectiveness of a Flexible Wing - Fixed Wing Root Case -- 8.1.1 Determination of Reversal Speed -- 8.1.2 Rolling Effectiveness - Rigid Fixed Wing Root Case -- 8.2 Rolling Effectiveness of a Flexible Wing - Steady Roll Case -- 8.2.1 Determination of Reversal Speed for Steady Roll Case -- 8.2.2 Lift Distribution for the Steady Roll Case -- 8.3 Effect of Spanwise Position of the Control Surface -- 8.4 Full Aircraft Model - Control Effectiveness -- 8.5 Effect of Trim on Reversal Speed -- 8.6 Examples -- Chapter 9 Introduction to Unsteady Aerodynamics -- 9.1 Quasi-steady Aerodynamics -- 9.2 Unsteady Aerodynamics related to Motion -- 9.2.1 Instantaneous Change in Angle of Incidence - Wagner Function -- 9.2.2 Harmonic Motion - Convolution using the Wagner Function -- 9.2.3 Harmonic Motion using the Theodorsen Function -- 9.3 Aerodynamic Lift and Moment for an Aerofoil Oscillating Harmonically in Heave and Pitch -- 9.4 Oscillatory Aerodynamic Derivatives -- 9.5 Aerodynamic Damping and Stiffness -- 9.6 Approximation of Unsteady Aerodynamic Terms -- 9.7 Unsteady Aerodynamics related to Gusts -- 9.7.1 Lift due to a Sharp-Edged Gust - Küssner Function -- 9.7.2 Lift due to a Sinusoidal Gust - Sears Function -- 9.8 Examples -- Chapter 10 Dynamic Aeroelasticity - Flutter -- 10.1 Simplified Unsteady Aerodynamic Model -- 10.2 Binary Aeroelastic Model -- 10.2.1 Aeroelastic Equations of Motion -- 10.3 General Form of the Aeroelastic Equations -- 10.4 Eigenvalue Solution of the Flutter Equations.
10.5 Aeroelastic Behaviour of the Binary Model.
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Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part I Background Material -- Chapter 1 Vibration of Single Degree of Freedom Systems -- 1.1 Setting up Equations of Motion for SDoF Systems -- 1.1.1 Example: Classical SDoF System -- 1.1.2 Example: Aircraft Control Surface -- 1.2 Free Vibration of SDoF Systems -- 1.2.1 Example: Aircraft Control Surface -- 1.3 Forced Vibration of SDoF Systems -- 1.4 Harmonic Forced Vibration - Frequency Response Functions -- 1.4.1 Response to Harmonic Excitation -- 1.4.2 Frequency Response Functions -- 1.4.3 Hysteretic (or Structural) Damping -- 1.5 Transient/Random Forced Vibration - Time Domain Solution -- 1.5.1 Analytical Approach -- 1.5.2 Principle of Superposition -- 1.5.3 Example: Single Cycle of Square Wave Excitation - Response Determined by Superposition -- 1.5.4 Convolution Approach -- 1.5.5 Direct Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations -- 1.5.6 Example: Single Cycle of Square Wave Excitation - Response Determined by Numerical Integration -- 1.6 Transient Forced Vibration - Frequency Domain Solution -- 1.6.1 Analytical Fourier Transform -- 1.6.2 Frequency Domain Response - Excitation Relationship -- 1.6.3 Example: Single Cycle of Square Wave Excitation - Response Determined via Fourier Transform -- 1.7 Random Forced Vibration - Frequency Domain Solution -- 1.8 Examples -- Chapter 2 Vibration of Multiple Degree of Freedom Systems -- 2.1 Setting up Equations of Motion -- 2.2 Undamped Free Vibration -- 2.2.1 Direct Approach -- 2.2.2 Eigenvalue Approach -- 2.2.3 Example: `Chain-like´ 2DoF System -- 2.3 Damped Free Vibration -- 2.3.1 Example: 2DoF `Chain-Like´ System with Proportional Damping -- 2.3.2 Example: 2DoF `Chain-Like´ System with Non-proportional Damping.

2.4 Transformation to Modal Coordinates -- 2.4.1 Modal Coordinates -- 2.4.2 Example: 2DoF `Chain-like´ System with Proportional Damping -- 2.4.3 Example: 2DoF `Chain-like´ System with Non-proportional Damping -- 2.4.4 Mode Shape Normalization -- 2.4.5 Meaning of Modal Coordinates -- 2.4.6 Dimensions of Modal Coordinates -- 2.4.6.1 Consistent Coordinates -- 2.4.6.2 Mixed Coordinates -- 2.4.7 Model Order Reduction -- 2.5 Two-DoF Rigid Aircraft in Heave and Pitch -- 2.6 `Free-Free´ Systems -- 2.7 Harmonic Forced Vibration -- 2.7.1 Equations in Physical Coordinates -- 2.7.2 Equations in Modal Coordinates -- 2.8 Transient/Random Forced Vibration - Time Domain Solution -- 2.8.1 Analytical Approach -- 2.8.2 Convolution Approach -- 2.8.3 Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations -- 2.9 Transient Forced Vibration - Frequency Domain Solution -- 2.10 Random Forced Vibration - Frequency Domain Solution -- 2.11 Examples -- Chapter 3 Vibration of Continuous Systems - Assumed Shapes Approach -- 3.1 Continuous Systems -- 3.2 Modelling Continuous Systems -- 3.3 Elastic and Flexural Axes -- 3.4 Rayleigh-Ritz `Assumed Shapes´ Method -- 3.4.1 One-dimensional Systems -- 3.4.2 Two-dimensional Systems -- 3.4.3 Choice of Assumed Shapes -- 3.4.4 Normal Modes for a Continuous System -- 3.5 Generalized Equations of Motion - Basic Approach -- 3.5.1 Clamped-Free Member in Bending - Single Assumed Shape -- 3.5.2 Clamped-Free Member in Bending - Two Assumed Shapes -- 3.5.3 Clamped-Free Member in Torsion - One Assumed Shape -- 3.6 Generalized Equations of Motion - Matrix Approach -- 3.6.1 Representation of Deformation -- 3.6.2 Kinetic Energy -- 3.6.3 Elastic Potential Energy -- 3.6.4 Incremental Work Done -- 3.6.5 Differentiation of Lagrange´s Equations in Matrix Form -- 3.7 Generating Whole Aircraft `Free-Free´ Modes from `Branch´ Modes -- 3.8 Whole Aircraft `Free-Free´ Modes.

3.9 Examples -- Chapter 4 Introduction to Steady Aerodynamics -- 4.1 The Standard Atmosphere -- 4.2 Effect of Air Speed on Aerodynamic Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Mach Number -- 4.2.2 Reynolds Number -- 4.2.3 Inviscid/Viscous and Incompressible/Compressible Flows -- 4.2.4 Dynamic Pressure -- 4.3 Flows and Pressures Around a Symmetric Aerofoil -- 4.4 Forces on an Aerofoil -- 4.5 Variation of Lift for an Aerofoil at an Angle of Incidence -- 4.6 Pitching Moment Variation and the Aerodynamic Centre -- 4.7 Lift on a Three-dimensional Wing -- 4.7.1 Wing Dimensions -- 4.7.2 Lift Curve Slope of a Three-dimensional Wing -- 4.7.3 Force and Moment Coefficients for a Three-dimensional Wing -- 4.7.4 Strip Theory for a Continuous Wing -- 4.7.5 Strip Theory for a Discretized Wing -- 4.7.6 Panel Methods -- 4.8 Drag on a Three-dimensional Wing -- 4.9 Control Surfaces -- 4.10 Transonic Flows -- 4.11 Examples -- Chapter 5 Introduction to Loads -- 5.1 Laws of Motion -- 5.1.1 Newton´s Laws of Motion for a Particle -- 5.1.2 Generalized Newton´s Laws of Motion for a Body -- 5.1.2.1 Translation -- 5.1.2.2 Rotation -- 5.1.3 Units -- 5.2 D´Alembert´s Principle - Inertia Forces and Couples -- 5.2.1 D´Alembert´s Principle for a Particle -- 5.2.2 Application of d´Alembert´s Principle to a Body -- 5.2.3 Extension to Distributed Inertia Forces -- 5.2.3.1 Translation -- 5.2.3.2 Rotation -- 5.3 External Loads - Applied and Reactive -- 5.3.1 Applied Loads -- 5.3.2 Reactive Loads (Reactions) -- 5.4 Free Body Diagrams -- 5.5 Internal Loads -- 5.6 Internal Loads for a Continuous Member -- 5.6.1 Internal Loads for Uniformly Distributed Loading -- 5.6.1.1 `Exposing´ Internal Loads -- 5.6.1.2 Determining Internal Loads via Equilibrium of `Cut´ Sections -- 5.6.1.3 Other Boundary Conditions -- 5.6.2 Internal Loads for Non-uniformly Distributed Loading.

5.6.2.1 Distributed Inertia Forces for a Continuous Member -- 5.6.2.2 Internal Loads for a Continuous Member under Non-uniform Loading -- 5.7 Internal Loads for a Discretized Member -- 5.7.1 Distributed Inertia Forces for a Discretized Member -- 5.7.2 Internal Loads for a Discretized Member -- 5.8 Intercomponent Loads -- 5.9 Obtaining Stresses from Internal Loads - Structural Members with Simple Load Paths -- 5.10 Examples -- Chapter 6 Introduction to Control -- 6.1 Open and Closed Loop Systems -- 6.2 Laplace Transforms -- 6.2.1 Solution of Differential Equations using Laplace Transforms -- 6.3 Modelling of Open and Closed Loop Systems using Laplace and Frequency Domains -- 6.4 Stability of Systems -- 6.4.1 Poles and Zeros -- 6.4.2 Routh-Hurwitz Method -- 6.4.3 Frequency Domain Representation -- 6.4.3.1 Root Locus -- 6.4.3.2 Stability Analysis using Nyquist and Bode Plots -- 6.4.4 Time Domain Representation -- 6.4.4.1 State Space Representation -- 6.5 PID Control -- 6.6 Examples -- Part II Introduction to Aeroelasticity and Loads -- Chapter 7 Static Aeroelasticity - Effect of Wing Flexibility on Lift Distribution and Divergence -- 7.1 Static Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Two-dimensional Rigid Aerofoil with a Torsional Spring Attachment -- 7.1.1 Iterative Approach -- 7.1.1.1 First Iteration -- 7.1.1.2 Further Iterations -- 7.1.2 Direct (Single Step) Approach -- 7.2 Static Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Fixed Root Flexible Wing -- 7.2.1 Twist and Divergence of the Fixed Root Flexible Wing -- 7.2.2 Variation of Lift Along the Fixed Root Flexible Wing -- 7.3 Effect of Trim on Static Aeroelastic Behaviour -- 7.3.1 Effect of Trim on the Divergence and Lift Distribution for a Simple Aircraft Model -- 7.3.2 Effect of Trim on the Variation of Lift along the Wing -- 7.3.3 Effect of Trim on the Wing and Tailplane Lift.

7.4 Effect of Wing Sweep on Static Aeroelastic Behaviour -- 7.4.1 Effect of Wing Sweep on Effective Angle of Incidence -- 7.4.2 Effective Streamwise Angle of Incidence due to Bending/Twisting -- 7.4.3 Effect of Sweep Angle on Divergence Speed -- 7.4.5 Comments -- 7.5 Examples -- Chapter 8 Static Aeroelasticity - Effect of Wing Flexibility on Control Effectiveness -- 8.1 Rolling Effectiveness of a Flexible Wing - Fixed Wing Root Case -- 8.1.1 Determination of Reversal Speed -- 8.1.2 Rolling Effectiveness - Rigid Fixed Wing Root Case -- 8.2 Rolling Effectiveness of a Flexible Wing - Steady Roll Case -- 8.2.1 Determination of Reversal Speed for Steady Roll Case -- 8.2.2 Lift Distribution for the Steady Roll Case -- 8.3 Effect of Spanwise Position of the Control Surface -- 8.4 Full Aircraft Model - Control Effectiveness -- 8.5 Effect of Trim on Reversal Speed -- 8.6 Examples -- Chapter 9 Introduction to Unsteady Aerodynamics -- 9.1 Quasi-steady Aerodynamics -- 9.2 Unsteady Aerodynamics related to Motion -- 9.2.1 Instantaneous Change in Angle of Incidence - Wagner Function -- 9.2.2 Harmonic Motion - Convolution using the Wagner Function -- 9.2.3 Harmonic Motion using the Theodorsen Function -- 9.3 Aerodynamic Lift and Moment for an Aerofoil Oscillating Harmonically in Heave and Pitch -- 9.4 Oscillatory Aerodynamic Derivatives -- 9.5 Aerodynamic Damping and Stiffness -- 9.6 Approximation of Unsteady Aerodynamic Terms -- 9.7 Unsteady Aerodynamics related to Gusts -- 9.7.1 Lift due to a Sharp-Edged Gust - Küssner Function -- 9.7.2 Lift due to a Sinusoidal Gust - Sears Function -- 9.8 Examples -- Chapter 10 Dynamic Aeroelasticity - Flutter -- 10.1 Simplified Unsteady Aerodynamic Model -- 10.2 Binary Aeroelastic Model -- 10.2.1 Aeroelastic Equations of Motion -- 10.3 General Form of the Aeroelastic Equations -- 10.4 Eigenvalue Solution of the Flutter Equations.

10.5 Aeroelastic Behaviour of the Binary Model.

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