Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Chapter 1 The Biorefinery Concept: An Integrated Approach -- 1.1 Sustainability for the Twenty-First Century -- 1.2 Renewable Resources: Nature and Availability -- 1.3 The Challenge of Waste -- 1.3.1 Waste Policy and Waste Valorisation -- 1.3.2 The Food Supply Chain Waste Opportunity -- 1.3.3 Case Study: Citrus Waste -- 1.4 Green Chemistry -- 1.5 The Biorefinery Concept -- 1.5.1 Definition -- 1.5.2 Different Types of Biorefinery -- 1.5.3 Challenges and Opportunities -- 1.5.4 Biorefinery Size -- 1.6 Conclusions -- 1.7 Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 2 Biomass as a Feedstock -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 2.3 Food Supply Chain Waste -- 2.4 Mango Waste: A Case Study -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 Pretreatment and Thermochemical and Biological Processing of Biomass -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biomass Pretreatments -- 3.2.1 Mechanical Pretreatment of Biomass -- 3.2.2 Physical Pretreatment of Biomass -- 3.2.3 Chemical Pretreatment of Biomass -- 3.2.4 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Biomass Treatment -- 3.2.5 Biological Pretreatment -- 3.2.6 Summary -- 3.3 Thermochemical Processing of Biomass -- 3.3.1 Direct Liquefaction -- 3.3.2 Direct Combustion -- 3.3.3 Gasification -- 3.3.4 Pyrolysis -- 3.3.5 Torrefaction -- 3.4 Biological Processing -- 3.4.1 Fermentation -- 3.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Platform Molecules -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fossil-Derived Base Chemicals -- 4.3 Definition of a Platform Molecule -- 4.4 Where Platform Molecules Come From -- 4.4.1 Saccharides -- 4.4.2 Lignin -- 4.4.3 Protein -- 4.4.4 Extracts -- 4.5 Process Technologies: Biomass to Platform Molecules -- 4.6 Bio-Derived v. Fossil-Derived: Changing Downstream Chemistry.

4.7 List of Platform Molecules -- 4.8 Example Platform Molecules -- 4.8.1 Synthesis Gas Platform: Thermal Treatment -- 4.8.2 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural: Chemical-Catalytic Treatment -- 4.8.3 n-Butanol (Biobutanol): Biological Treatment -- 4.8.4 Triglyceride Platform: Extraction -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Monomers and Resulting Polymers from Biomass -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Polymers from Vegetable Oils -- 5.2.1 Isolation of Vegetable Oil -- 5.2.2 Thermosets of Vegetable Oils and Comonomers -- 5.2.3 Epoxidized and Acrylated Epoxidized Vegetable Oil -- 5.2.4 Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oil -- 5.2.5 Polyesters -- 5.2.6 Polyamides -- 5.2.7 Vegetable Oil Conclusion -- 5.3 Furan Chemistry -- 5.3.1 Production of Furfural and HMF -- 5.3.2 Second-Generation Derivatives -- 5.3.3 Addition Polymerizations -- 5.3.4 Furfuryl Alcohol -- 5.3.5 Polyesters -- 5.3.6 Polyamides -- 5.3.7 Other Polymers -- 5.3.8 Furan Conclusion -- 5.4 Terpenes -- 5.4.1 Production of Turpentine -- 5.4.2 Cationic Polymerization of Pinenes -- 5.4.3 Copolymerization of Pinenes -- 5.4.4 Polymerization of Non-Pinene Terpenes -- 5.4.5 Terpenoids -- 5.4.6 Terpene Conclusion -- 5.5 Rosin -- 5.5.1 Production and Chemistry of Rosin -- 5.5.2 Epoxy Resins from Rosin -- 5.5.3 Polyesters and Polyurethanes from Rosin -- 5.5.4 Thermoplastic Polymers from Rosin: Controlled Radical Techniques -- 5.5.5 Rosin Conclusion -- 5.6 The Potential of Tannins -- 5.6.1 Recent Work with Tannin Polycondensation -- 5.6.2 Tannins Conclusion -- 5.7 Alpha-Hydroxy Acids -- 5.7.1 Production of PLA -- 5.7.2 Properties of PLA -- 5.7.3 Applications of PLA -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Bio-Based Materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Wood and Natural Fibres -- 6.2.1 Molecular Constitution -- 6.2.2 Hierarchical Structure of Wood and Timber -- 6.2.3 Plant Fibres.

6.3 Isolated and Modified Biopolymers as Biomaterials -- 6.3.1 Cellulose -- 6.3.2 Cellulose Derivatives -- 6.3.3 Starch -- 6.3.4 Starch Derivatives -- 6.3.5 Chitin and Chitosan -- 6.3.6 Proteins -- 6.4 Agromaterials, Blends and Composites -- 6.4.1 Agromaterials -- 6.4.2 Blends of Synthetic Polymers and Starch -- 6.4.3 Composites with Natural Fibres -- 6.4.4 Wood-Based Boards -- 6.4.5 Materials for Construction -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Biomass-Based Energy Production -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physical Upgrading Processes -- 7.2.1 Refinement of Biomass into Solid Fuels -- 7.2.2 Wood Powder -- 7.2.3 Briquette Production -- 7.2.4 Pellet Production -- 7.2.5 Storage of Solid Biomass -- 7.2.6 Torrefaction Technology -- 7.3 Microbiological Processes -- 7.3.1 Organisms and Processes -- 7.3.2 Hydrogen Production -- 7.3.3 Classification of Hydrogen-Forming Processes -- 7.3.4 Butanol Production Using Bacteria as Biocatalysts -- 7.3.5 Microbiological Ethanol Production -- 7.3.6 Production of Biodiesel from Plants and Algae -- 7.3.7 Biogas Production -- 7.4 Thermochemical Processes -- 7.4.1 Thermal Processing Equipment -- 7.4.2 Gasification -- 7.4.3 Pyrolysis -- 7.4.4 Liquefaction -- 7.4.5 Combustion -- 7.5 Chemical Processes -- 7.5.1 Dimethyl Ether (DME) -- 7.5.2 Biodiesel -- 7.6 Primary Alcohols -- 7.6.1 Methanol -- 7.6.2 Ethanol -- 7.6.3 Butanol -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Policies and Strategies for Delivering a Sustainable Bioeconomy: A European Perspective -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Drivers for Change -- 8.3 The Starting Point: Strategies for Change -- 8.4 Direct Measures -- 8.4.1 Integrated Development -- 8.4.2 Policy Mechanisms -- 8.4.3 Preferential Purchasing Policies -- 8.5 Supporting Measures -- 8.5.1 Supply-Side Drivers -- 8.5.2 Demand-Side Drivers -- 8.6 Bioeconomy Definitions -- 8.6.1 Biobased Content.

8.6.2 Biodegradability -- 8.6.3 Composting Standards -- 8.6.4 Material Recycling -- 8.7 Life-Cycle Analysis -- 8.8 Ecolabels -- 8.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index -- EULA.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.