Assessing Middle Ear Function in Infants.

Intro -- CHAPTER 1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Outer and Middle Ear in Young Infants WAYNE WILSON INTRODUCTION At the heart of any middle ear assessment are the outer and middle ear structures. Although much has been written about the embryology of these structures, surprisingly little has been written about their development after birth. With this in mind, this chapter reviews the anatomy and physiology of the outer and middle ear from birth to infancy in the human, with a particular emphasis on facto -- CHAPTER 2 Measuring Middle Ear Function in Young Infants: An Overview RAFIDAH MAZLAN AND JOSEPH KEI INTRODUCTION This chapter provides a brief review of the literature regarding the application of the tympanometry and stapedial acoustic reflex test using probe tones of 220/226 Hz, 660/678 Hz, and 1 kHz to young infants (0 to 6 months). Although high-frequency (1 kHz) tympanometry (HFT) has become the standard of practice in pediatric clinics around the globe, the use of stapedial acoustic reflex -- CHAPTER 3 High-Frequency (1000 Hz) Tympanometry: Clinical Applications JOSEPH KEI AND RAFIDAH MAZLAN INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the principles and applications of high-frequency (1000 Hz) tympanometry (HFT) for evaluating the middle ear function of young infants (≤6 months). Although the use of HFT was suggested in the 1980s, its routine use with young infants in clinics did not start until the equipment became commercially available in 2000. The Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH.

CHAPTER 4 Acoustic Stapedial Reflexes: Clinical Applications JOSEPH KEI AND RAFIDAH MAZLAN INTRODUCTION The acoustic stapedial reflex (ASR) is a reflexive contraction of the stapedius muscle of the middle ear in response to a loud sound presented to a healthy ear. The ASR test is usually performed following tympanometry to assess the function of the ear up to the brainstem region. The ASR test together with pure tone audiometry, tympanometry and speech audiometry form a basic battery of tests in -- CHAPTER 5 Assessing Middle Ear Function in Humans Using Multifrequency Tympanometry: An Overview FEI ZHAO AND JIE WANG INTRODUCTION Conventional tympanometry uses a single, low-frequency (usually 220 or 226 Hz) probe tone and measures the compliance of the middle ear system while the air pressure is varied in the external ear canal. It generally has been accepted as a routine procedure in otological assessment, which aims to detect different types of middle ear pathologies with associated change -- CHAPTER 6 Current Developments in the Clinical Application of the Sweep Frequency Impedance (SFI) in Assessing Middle Ear Dysfunction MICHIO MURAKOSHI, FEI ZHAO, AND HIROSHI WADA INTRODUCTION The sweep frequency impedance (SFI) meter, developed in the 1990s, was designed to measure the middle ear dynamic characteristics of the middle ear in adults and children, (Wada &amp -- Kobayashi, 1990 -- Wada, Kobayashi, Suetake, &amp -- Tachizaki, 1989 -- Wada, Koike, &amp -- Kobayashi, 1998 -- Zhao, Wada, Koike, Ohyama, Kawase,.

CHAPTER 7 Application of Wideband Acoustic Transfer Functions to the Assessment of the Infant Ear M. PATRICK FEENEY AND CHRIS A. SANFORD INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the concept of wideband acoustic transfer functions (ATFs) for the measurement of middle ear function. This approach to middle ear measurement, which has been developed over the last 2 to 3 decades, is beginning to prove remarkably useful for measurements in infant ears. In part, wideband ATFs are attractive because they ext -- CHAPTER 8 The Challenge of Assessing Middle Ear Function in Young Infants: Summary and Future Directions JOSEPH KEI AND FEI ZHAO INTRODUCTION Assessment of middle ear function in young infants (aged 0 to 6 months) has been a real challenge. Since the 1970s, the use of conventional 226-Hz tympanometry has been found to be inaccurate in identifying middle ear problems in young infants. Since the 1980s, clinicians have prohibited its use with young infants. Clinicians then rely on auditory brainste.

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