Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Allergy Agents : Volume 3.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- List of Contributors -- Developing the Perfect Antihistamine for Use in Allergic Conditions: A Voyage in H1 Selectivity -- Diana R. Cundell* and Kathryn E. Mickle -- INTRODUCTION -- Pharmacology of Histamine -- Cellular Sources of Histamine and Mechanisms of Release -- Mast Cells and the Inflammatory Environment -- Histamine and Body Tissues -- Antihistamines for the Treatment of Allergies -- Nasal Anatomy and Physiology, Allergic Rhinitis, Allergens and Histamine -- Allergens and Allergic Rhinitis -- The Eye Conjunctiva -- Anatomy And Physiology, Allergic Conjunctivitis and Histamine -- Allergens and Allergic Conjunctivitis -- The Skin -- Anatomy and Physiology, Urticaria and Histamine -- Allergens and Urticaria -- Histamine and the H1 Receptor -- First Generation H1 Antihistamines -- A History of First Generation Antihistamine Development -- Ethylenediamines and Ethanolamines -- Piperazines and Piperidines -- Phenothiazines and Doxepin -- A New Genre of Antihistamines With Powerful Central Nervous System Effects -- Side Effects of The First Generation H1 Antihistamines and Toxicity -- Central Nervous System H1 Side Effects -- Adverse Effects of First Generation H1 Antihistamines Due to Lack of Selectivity -- Toxicity of First Generation Antihistamines -- Second Generation H1 Antihistamines -- Safer with Less Side Effects -- Second Generation Antihistamines With Significant Side Effects: Astemizole, Azelastine and Terfenadine -- Second Generation Histamines That are First Generation Analogs -- Acrivastine, Cetirizine and Levocetirizine -- Cetirizine -- Levocetirizine -- Second Generation Piperidine Successes -- Levocabastine, Loratadine, Desloratadine, Fexofenadine, and Olopatadine -- Loratadine -- Desloratadine -- Fexofenadine -- Olopatadine.

Clinical Trial Meta-Analysis Data for Extensively Used Second Generation Antihistamines -- CONCLUSION AND FURTHER DIRECTIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Therapeutics in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria -- Alexei Gonzalez-Estrada* and James Fernandez -- INTRODUCTION -- TREATMENT -- ANTIHISTAMINES -- H1-Antihistamines -- FIRST-GENERATION H1-ANTIHISTAMINES -- Hydroxyzine -- Doxepin -- SECOND-GENERATION H1-ANTIHISTAMINES -- Cetirizine -- Desloratadine -- Loratadine -- Fexofenadine -- Levocetirizine -- Rupatadine -- H2-Antihistamines -- Cimetidine -- Ranitidine -- Famotidine -- Leukotriene Antagonist -- Montelukast -- Zafirlukast -- IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE MEDICATIONS FOR CSU -- Hydroxychloroquine -- Colchicine -- Dapsone -- Sulfasalazine -- Methotrexate -- Cyclosporine -- IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS -- Omalizumab -- Intravenous Immunoglobulin -- Corticosteroids -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Research and Development for Anti-Asthmatic Agents with a Focus on Phenotype Changing by Ca2+ Signaling in Airway Smooth Muscle Cells -- Hiroaki Kume1,2,* -- INTRODUCTION -- MECHANISM OF AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE TONE -- AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE TONE REGULATED BY KCA CHANNELS -- Characteristics and physiological roles of KCa channels -- Structure of KCa Channels -- Electrical Characteristics of KCa Channels -- Physiological Role of KCa Channels -- Stimulatory Regulation of KCa Channels by β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists -- cAMP-Dependent Phosphorylation -- Membrane-Delimited Activation by Gs -- Dual Regulation by cAMP-Dependent and -Independent Processes -- Role in Relaxation by β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists -- Inhibitory Regulation of KCa Channels by Muscarinic Receptor Agonists -- Membrane-Delimited Inhibition by Gi -- Dual Regulation by Gs and Gi.

Role in Contraction by Muscarinic Receptor Agonists -- Regulation of KCa Channels by other Factors (cGMP, Protein Kinase C) -- AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE TONE REGULATED BY CA2+ DYNAMICS -- Membrane Potential-Independent Ca2+ Dynamics -- Membrane Potential-dependent Ca2+ Dynamics -- Effects of Ca2+ Release from the SR -- AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE TONE REGULATED BY CA2+ SENSITIZATION -- Characteristics and Physiological Role of RhoA / Rho-kinase -- Role of RhoA / Rho-kinase on Contraction -- Role on β2-Adrenergic Relaxation -- INTRINSIC EFFICACY OF Β2-ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS -- Characteristics and Measurement -- Values of β2-Adrenergic Intrinsic Efficacy for Airway Smooth Muscle Relaxation -- Effects of Intrinsic Efficacy on β2-Adrenegic Desensitization -- Role of Allosteric GPCR Modulation in Intrinsic Efficacy -- ROLE OF CA2+ SIGNALING IN AIRWAY DISORDERS -- Airflow Limitation (Bronchoconstriction) -- Airway Hyperresponsiveness -- Desensitization of β2- Adrenoceptors -- Ca2+ Dynamics -- Ca2+ Sensitization -- Airway Remodeling -- Cell Proliferation -- Cell Migration -- Interaction between Airway Smooth Muscle and Inflammatory Cells -- PHENOTYPE PLASTICITY -- Contractile phenotype -- Synthetic and Proliferative Phenotypes -- Hyper-Contractile Phenotype -- Ca2+ Handling -- Regulation of Phenotype Switching -- Modulation of Cell Phenotype by Cell Culture -- RATIONALE USE OF Β2-ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS BASED ON THEIR INTRINSIC EFFICACY -- SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS BETWEEN MUSCARINIC AND Β2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS -- Role of G proteins / KCa Channels Linkage -- Role of Allosteric GPCR Modulation in Synergistic Effects -- POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF BRONCHODILATORS ON AIRWAY INFLAMMATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ABBREVIATION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Effects of Allergic Rhinitis on Communication Skills.

Can Cemal Cingi1,*, Erkan Yüksel2 and Nuray Bayar Muluk3 -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EFFECTS OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS ON HUMAN RELATIONS -- 2.1. Psychological Effects -- 2.2. Physiological Effects -- 2.3. Behavioral Effects -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Endosomal Toll-like Receptors: Rheostats of Inflammation and Diseases -- Chhedi Lal Gupta, Rohit Kumar Tiwari, Neelam Pathak and Preeti Bajpai* -- AN OVERVIEW -- Toll-like Receptors -- Structure of Toll-like Receptors -- Toll-like Receptor Signaling -- ENDOSOMAL TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS -- Ligand Detection by Endosomal TLRs -- dsRNA Detection by TLR3 -- ssRNA Detection by TLR7 and TLR8 -- CpG DNA Detection by TLR9 -- Endosomal TLRs in Disease Aggravation -- Role of Endosomal TLRs in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases -- Role of Endosomal TLRs in Cancer -- Therapeutic Targeting of Endosomal TLRs -- Agonists of Endosomal TLRs -- Antagonists of Endosomal TLRs -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

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