Proceedings of the 240 Conference : Science's Great Challenges, Volume 157.

Intro -- PROCEEDINGS OF THE 240 CONFERENCE: SCIENCE'S GREAT CHALLENGES: ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS VOLUME 157 -- EDITORIAL BOARD -- CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 157 -- PREFACE -- SESSIONS AT THE "240" CONFERENCE (SEPTEMBER 13-15, 2012) -- CONTENTS -- Part I The Emergence and Breakdown of Complexity -- 1 Features of Complexity -- I. Introduction -- II. The Emergence of Classical Dynamics from the Underlying Quantum Laws -- A. Insight from Quantum Control Theory -- III. The Emergence of Thermodynamical Phenomena -- A. The Quantum Otto Cycle -- B. Quantum Dynamics of the Working Medium -- C. Quantum Thermodynamics -- D. The Quantum Tricycle -- E. The Third Law of Thermodynamics -- IV. Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Discussion -- 2 Exploring Quantum-Classical Boundary -- I. Motivation -- II. Development of Experimental Tools -- III. Toward the Quantum-Classical Boundary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Discussion -- 3 Transition from Atoms to Clusters to Condensed Matter -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Discussion -- 4 Free Energies of Staging a Scenario and Perpetual Motion Machines of the Third Kind -- I. Introduction -- II. Perpetual Motion Machines of the Third Kind -- III. The Free Energy Cost of Staging A Scenario -- A. A Trivial Scenario: Protein Folding -- B. Staging Free Energy -- IV. Near PM3 Processes -- V. Energy Sources for Staging -- VI. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Finite-Time Thermodynamics Tools to Analyze Dissipative Processes -- I. Introduction -- II. Tricycles -- III. Thermodynamic Length -- IV. Work Deficiency -- V. Accounting for Staging Free Energy with Network Thermodynamics -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- 6 New Types of Complexity in Chemical Kinetics: Intersections, Coincidences, and Special Symmetrical Relationships -- I. Introduction -- II. Intersections and Coincidences.

III. Dual Experiments and Joint Kinetics -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- 7 Opportunities in the Area of Noise in Biological Reaction Networks -- I. Inferring Regulatory Relationships from Noise -- II. Noise that is Integral to Biological Function -- III. Energy Use -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Discussion -- 8 Thermodynamic Approach to Chemical Networks -- I. Introduction -- II. The Classical Setting -- III. Thermodynamic Signatures and Their Limitations -- IV. Mesoscopic-Level Description -- V. Stochastic Thermodynamics -- VI. Dynamical Systems as Networks -- VII. Information Processing -- VIII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 On the Emergence of Simple Structures in Complex Phenomena: Concepts and Some Numerical Examples -- I. Introduction: Structures in "Spectra of Numbers" Motto: Simplex Sigillum Veri [1] -- II. Statistical Properties of Numbers and Spectra -- III. Structures in Time-Dependent Dynamics -- IV. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Discussion -- 10 The Emergence of Simplicity from Complexity -- References -- Part II Dynamics at extremes -- 11 On the Way to a Theory of Solid State Synthesis: Issues and Open Questions -- I. Motivation and General Research Program for a Theory of Solid State Synthesis -- II. Open Questions and Challenges -- III. Conclusion -- References -- 12 Beyond Molecular Conduction: Optical and Thermal Effects in Molecular Junctions -- I. Introduction -- II. Heating and Heat Conduction -- A. Introduction -- B. Heat Generation -- C. Heat Conduction -- D. Junction Temperature -- III. Junction Optoelectronics -- A. Introduction -- B. Switching -- C. Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Junction Transport -- D. Light Emission from Current-Carrying Junctions -- E. Raman Scattering -- IV. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Discussion.

13 Thermal Conductance at the Interface Between Molecules -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Laser Energy Deposition in Nanodroplets and Nuclear Fusion Driven by Coulomb Explosion -- I. Introduction -- II. Simulation of Fusion Reaction Yields and Efficiencies -- III. Analysis of Nanodroplet Energetics and Fusion Efficiencies -- IV. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Understanding ultraintense x-ray interactions with matter -- I. X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers: Present Status -- A. Comparison of Ultraintense Optical and X-ray Lasers -- II. Atomic and Molecular Response to Ultraintense X-Ray Pulses -- A. First Experiments at LCLS -- B. Ultraintense X-Ray Interactions with Clusters -- III. Femtosecond Nanocrystallography -- IV. Outstanding Challenges -- References -- Discussion -- 16 Time-Dependent Computational Methods for Matter Under Extreme Conditions -- I. Introduction -- II. Methodology -- III. Some Like it Hot and Some Like it Cold -- A. Excitations of Ultracold Atomic Gases -- IV. Diatomic Molecules Exposed to Ultrashort, Intense, Laser Radiation -- A. Results for H -- V. Conclusion -- VI. A Few Personal and Historical Remarks by Barry Schneider -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Elementary Excitations in Ultracold Finite Systems -- I. Introduction -- II. Bose-Einstein Condensate Physics Primer -- A. Introduction -- B. Bose Statistics and an Noninteracting Gas -- C. Weakly Interacting BEC: The Gross-Pitaevskii Equation -- III. Turbulence in Bose-Einstein Condensates -- A. Review of Classical Turbulence -- B. Quantum Turbulence -- IV. Condensate Dynamics in Reduced Dimensions: The Tonks-Girardeau Gas in 1D -- V. BCS-BEC Crossover and the Feshbach Resonance -- VI. Many-Body Physics in Optical Lattices -- A. The Quantum Phase Transition -- B. Bose-Hubbard Model -- VII. Synthetic Gauge Fields with Quantum Gases.

A. The Berry Phase -- B. Experimental Realization of a Synthetic Magnetic Field and a Lorentz-like Force Acting on a BEC -- C. Discussion -- VIII. The Simulation of Graphene Physics by Quantum Cold Matter in Optical Lattices -- A. Introduction -- B. Elements of Graphene Condensed Matter Physics -- C. Cold-matter Simulation of Graphene Physics -- IX. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Discussion -- Part III Grand Questions -- 18 On Biomolecular Homochirality as a Quasi-Fossil of the Evolution of Life -- I. Introduction -- II. Some Facts of Life -- III. Symmetries and Asymmetries in the Present World -- A. Fundamental Symmetries of Physics and the Question of Left and Right -- B. Symmetry Breakings: Spontaneous, De Facto, De Lege -- IV. Current Status of Theory and Experiment for Parity Violation in Chiral Molecules -- V. The Origin and Significance of Biomolecular Homochirality -- VI. Dead or Alive, Dark Matter, Cosmology and the World Game: Concluding Remarks and Speculations -- A. Homochirality of Matter and Cosmology -- B. The World Game -- C. Life and Death in the Universe and the Question of Consciousness and Free Will -- D. SETI and Extraterrestrial Homochirality -- E. Search for Terrestrial Intelligence (STI) -- Acknowledgment -- Appendix -- On Nomenclature -- References -- Discussion -- 19 Origins of Life -- I. Preliminary Philosophical Remarks -- II. Energy and Material Sources -- III. Biochemistry: Metabolism and Replication and a Word on Evolution -- IV. The Machinery of Metabolism -- V. The Machinery of Replication -- VI. Enclosing Natures Chemical Factory: Protocells -- VII. Life Elsewhere -- VIII. Some Thoughts on Missing Links, and Recommendations -- References -- Discussion -- AUTHOR INDEX -- SUBJECT INDEX -- EULA.

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