ASPC Manual of Preventive Cardiology.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Share ASPC Manual of Preventive Cardiology -- Chapter 1: National Burden of Cardiovascular Disease and Associated Risk Factors -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Mortality and Morbidity Attributable to CVD -- Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors -- Subclinical Atherosclerosis -- Ankle-Brachial Index -- Economic Costs of Cardiovascular Disease -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment -- Rationale for Contemporary CV Risk Prediction -- Relative Risk Versus Absolute Cardiovascular Risk -- Treatment Benefit Depends on Absolute Risk Rather Than Relative Risk -- Multiple, Online Risk Prediction Tools for CVD are Widely Available -- Current Guideline Recommendations -- Current Clinical Practice Guidelines Suggest That the Indication and Intensity of Treatment Should Be Proportional to the Absolute Risk for CVD -- Novel Developments in Global CVD Risk: Considering Alternative CVD Outcomes -- Novel Developments in Global CVD Risk: Considering Alternative Risk Factors -- Novel Serum Markers -- Novel Imaging Markers -- Other Risk Markers -- Novel Developments in Global CVD Risk: Considering Long-Term or Lifetime Risk -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: The New American Prevention Guidelines: Aligning the Guidelines for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Reduction With the Evidence -- A New Approach -- Major Themes -- What You Need to Know -- A. Heart Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviors -- B. Recommendations from the Risk Assessment Workgroup With Those Reflecting Expert Opinion Highlighted in Italics -- C. Graded Recommendations for Statin Treatment to Reduce ASCVD Risk -- Footnotes to this Section (from the Cholesterol Guideline Report) -- Statin Safety Recommendations.

Footnotes to this Section (from the Cholesterol Guideline Report) -- Monitoring Statin Therapy -- Optimizing Statin Therapy -- Insufficient Response to Statin Therapy -- Footnotes to this Section (from the Cholesterol Guideline Report) -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Management of High Blood Pressure -- Epidemiology of Hypertension -- Definition and Classification of Hypertension -- Initial Evaluation of the Patient -- Thresholds for Initiating Therapy -- Lifestyle Modifications -- Initial Drug Therapy -- Goal Blood Pressure for "Uncomplicated" Hypertensive Patients -- Goal Blood Pressure for Hypertensive Patients with Other High-Risk Conditions -- Other Issues -- References -- Chapter 5: Smoking and Passive Smoking -- Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease -- Secondhand Smoke -- Trends in Cigarette Smoking -- Prevention and Reduction of Tobacco Use Among Youth -- Prevention and Cessation Programs for Adults -- Cessation Strategies for Individuals -- Behavioral Treatments -- Pharmacologic Interventions -- Clinical Approaches -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Metabolic Syndrome -- History, Prevalence, and Epidemiology -- Definition -- Pathophysiology -- Cardiovascular Risk in Persons With Mets -- Prediction of Diabetes -- Prediction of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality -- Prediction of Stroke -- MetS Risks Among Subjects With Known Cardiovascular Disease -- Global Risk Assessment of MetS -- Utility of Novel Biomarkers for Additional Risk Assessment in MetS -- Screening for Subclinical Atherosclerosis -- Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) -- Treatment -- Diet Recommendations for LDL Cholesterol Lowering -- Diet Recommendations for Blood Pressure Lowering -- Exercise Recommendations by ACC/AHA for Cholesterol and Blood Pressure Lowering -- Type of Exercise -- Weight Loss Recommendations -- Pharmacological Treatment -- Dyslipidemia.

Elevated Glucose -- Elevated Blood Pressure -- Prothrombotic and Proinflammatory States -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Diabetes Management Guidelines -- Diagnosis -- Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes -- Cardiovascular Risk Factors -- Lipids -- Hypertension -- Tobacco Use -- Nutrition -- Glucose Control -- Risk Stratification -- Other Therapies/Interventions -- Antiplatelet Therapy -- Immunizations -- Bariatric Surgery -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Assessment and Management of Obesity -- Evolution of Obesity -- The Cost of Obesity -- Measures of Obesity -- Body Mass Index -- Waist Circumference -- Obesity and Heart Disease -- Physical Activity Counseling: A Weighty Problem -- Motivational Interviewing -- Putting Together a Program for Your Patient -- Adjusting the Program -- Deconditioning -- AHA and ACC Guidelines for Management of Obesity -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Novel Biomarkers and Risk Factors -- Lipoprotein(a) -- Genetics of Lp(a) -- Lp(a) and CVD Risk -- Lp(a) as a Therapeutic Target -- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) -- Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) -- Lp-PLA2 and Lp(a) -- Lp-PLA2 Screening and Therapy -- LDL Particles -- Apolipoproteins A1 and B -- Other Biomarkers (NT-proBNP and Troponin I) -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Antithrombotic Therapy in the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease -- Aspirin -- Primary Prevention -- Secondary Prevention -- P2Y12 Receptor Antagonists -- Primary Prevention -- Secondary Prevention -- Coronary Artery Disease -- Cerebrovascular Disease -- Optimal Duration of DAPT -- Platelet Function Testing and Pharmacogenetic Testing -- Other Antiplatelet Agents -- Dipyridamole -- Cilostazol -- Vorapaxar -- Warfarin -- Primary Prevention -- Warfarin Genotyping -- Novel Anticoagulants -- Summary -- References.

Chapter 11: Psychosocial Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease -- Depression -- Anxiety Syndromes -- Negative Cognitive States -- Chronic Stress -- Social Isolation and Poor Social Support -- Inadequate Sleep and/or Rest and Relaxation -- European Guidelines -- Summary -- References -- Appendix 1 -- Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) -- Appendix 2 -- Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scale -- Appendix 3 -- Perceived Stress Scale-4 Item -- Chapter 12: Role of Stress Testing -- Current Guidelines -- Use as a Screening Test -- Safety, Contraindications, and Indications -- Exercise Stress Test Interpretation -- Test Interpretation: Diagnosis -- Test Interpretation: Prognosis -- Stress Testing With Imaging for Screening Risk Assessment of Asymptomatic Individuals? -- Indications for Testing With Imaging -- Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) -- Exercise Echocardiograms -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 13: Role of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Assessment in Preventive Cardiology -- Measuring C-IMT -- Possible C-IMT Measures (Carotid Segments) -- Reasons for Increases in C-IMT -- Definition of Carotid Plaques -- Use of C-IMT in Epidemiological Studies -- C-IMT and Incident Cardiovascular Disease -- Meta-Analyses -- Progression of C-IMT -- C-IMT Versus Coronary Artery Calcium Score -- Importance of Plaque -- Use of C-IMT and Carotid Plaque for CHD Risk Assessment -- When to Measure C-IMT -- Long-Term Outlook on C-IMT -- Conclusions -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 14: Role of Noncontrast Coronary CT for Detection of Coronary Heart Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Stratification -- Coronary Artery Calcium: How is it Measured and Scored? -- Role of Noncontrast Coronary CT in Asymptomatic Individuals -- Independent Association of CAC With Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events.

Added Value of CAC to Traditional Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction -- Who Should Be Screened With a Noncontrast Coronary CT Among Asymptomatic Individuals? -- Role of Noncontrast Coronary CT in Symptomatic Individuals -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: CardioProtective Dietary Patterns and Preventions of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease -- Recent Dietary Guidelines and Recommendations -- Obesity Management Guidelines by American Heart Association (AHA) &amp -- the Obesity Society (TOS) -- Referral to a Nutrition Professional -- Dietary Planning and Nutrition Counseling -- 1. Nutrition Assessment -- 2. Nutrition Diagnosis -- 3. Nutrition Intervention -- Diet Recommendations for LDL-C Lowering -- Diet Recommendations for Triglyceride (TG) Reduction -- Diet Recommendations for BP Lowering in HTN and pre-HTN -- Dietary Patterns -- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Dietary Patterns -- Mediterranean Dietary Pattern -- Vegetarian Dietary Pattern -- Alcohol -- Dietary Supplements -- Plant Stanols/Sterols -- Summary -- Resources -- References -- Chapter 16: Alcohol and Cardiovascular Diseases -- Definitions of Drinking -- Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy: A Consequence of Heavy Drinking -- Hypertension : A Threshold Issue -- Supraventricular Arrhythmias: More Data Needed -- Atherosclerotic Coronary Disease: Protection by Alcohol -- Epidemiology: A Nonlinear Relationship -- Mechanisms for CAD Protection by Alcohol: Multiple and Plausible -- Drinking Pattern: A Crucial Factor -- Beverage Choice: Wine, Liquor, or Beer? -- Alcohol and CAD: Is it Causal? -- Cerebrovascular Disease: The Epidemiologic Labyrinth -- Heart Failure (HF): It Depends on the Cause -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 17: Physical Activity -- Exercise and Traditional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors -- Effects of Exercise on Lipids.

Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure.

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