Neuroinflammation.

Front Cover -- Neuroinflammation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management -- Clinical Features -- Initial Presentation of MS -- Clinical Course of MS -- MS-Exacerbating Conditions -- Pathophysiology -- Pathophysiology of Relapses and Disease Progression -- "Inflammation" in MS Pathophysiology -- "Degeneration" in MS Pathophysiology -- Inflammation-Induced Degenerative Processes -- Primary Degenerative Processes -- Pathophysiology of Remissions -- Pathophysiology of Cortical Manifestations -- Diagnosis -- Management -- Management of Acute Relapses -- Disease-Modifying Therapies -- Interferon-Beta -- Glatiramer Acetate -- Dimethyl Fumarate -- Teriflunomide -- Fingolimod -- Natalizumab -- Alemtuzumab -- Daclizumab -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 Neutralizing Antibodies and Multiple Sclerosis in the Era of Disease Modifying Treatments -- Introduction -- Interferon Beta -- Immunogenicity -- Neutralizing Antibody Assays -- The Cytopathic Effect (CPE) Assay -- Assays Based on the Interferon-β-Stimulated Production of Myxovirus Resistance Protein A -- The Reporter Gene Assay -- The In Vivo Induction of Myxovirus Resistance Protein A -- NAb Titer and Defining NAb Status -- Clinical Relevance of NAbs -- Clinical Outcomes -- MRI Outcomes -- NAbs Testing in Clinical Practice -- Glatiramer Acetate -- Natalizumab -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis -- Etiology, Clinical Course, and Pathology -- Etiologies of MS and Its Animal Models -- Animal Models: EAE and TMEV Infection -- Clinical Courses of MS and Its Animal Models -- Pathology of MS and Its Animal Models -- Demyelination Versus Axonal Degeneration (Neurodegeneration): Inside-Out Model of MS -- CD4+ T-cells in MS and Its Animal Models -- Th Cell Subsets.

Roles of Th1 Cells in EAE and TMEV Infection -- Roles of Th2 Cells in EAE and TMEV Infection -- Roles of Th17 Cells in EAE and TMEV Infection -- Roles of Tregs in EAE and TMEV Infection -- Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in MS and Its Animal Models -- Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors -- CXCR3 and Its Ligands in MS, EAE, and TMEV Infection -- CCR5 and Its Ligands in MS, EAE, and TMEV Infection -- CCR2 and Its Ligands in MS, EAE, and TMEV Infection -- CCR4 and Its Ligands in MS and EAE -- CCR6 and Its Ligands in MS and EAE -- Future Perspectives -- MS Heterogeneities Explain the Differing Roles of Th Cell Subsets and Chemokine Receptors -- Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors as a Potential Target for MS Treatment -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Neuroimaging of Multiple Sclerosis and Other Immune-Mediated Diseases of Central Nervous System: An Update -- Introduction -- Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis -- Conventional Imaging -- Imaging Findings -- Nonconventional Imaging Techniques in the Differential Diagnosis of MS -- Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging -- Perfusion Imaging -- MR Spectroscopy -- Diffusion Tensor Imaging -- Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS) -- Optic Neuritis -- Neuroimaging Characteristics -- Morphology of the Lesions -- Myelitis -- Neuroimaging Characteristics -- Morphology of the Lesions -- Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) -- Neuroimaging Characteristics -- Morphology of the Lesions -- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) -- Neuroimaging Characteristics -- Morphology of the Lesions -- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy -- Neuroimaging Characteristics -- Morphology of the Lesions -- PML-IRIS -- Neuroimaging of Acute (Marburg variant) Multiple Sclerosis and Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions -- Tumefactive MS and Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions (TDLs) -- Neuroimaging Characteristics -- Morphology of the Lesions.

Fulminant/Marburg Variant MS -- Neuroimaging Characteristics -- Other Variants of Tumefactive MS -- Schilder Type ("diffuse sclerosis") -- Baló Type -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 5 Role of IL-12/IL-23 in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis -- Introduction -- Multiple Sclerosis -- Structure of IL-12 Family Members, and Their Receptors -- Role of IL-12 and IL-23 in CD4 T-Cell Subsets in EAE -- Role of IL-12 and IL-23 in CD4 T-Cell Subsets in MS -- Polymorphisms in IL-12 and IL-23 Associated Genes and Risk of MS -- IL-12 and IL-23 as Potential Biomarkers for MS -- Effect of MS Therapies on the IL-12/IL-23 Pathways -- Targeting the IL-12/IL-23 Pathway Therapeutically in MS -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Acute Transverse Myelitis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Options -- Introduction -- Clinical Features -- Systemic Disease (SD) -- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and NMOSD -- Sjögren's Disease (pSS) and NMOSD -- Sarcoidosis -- Behçet's Disease (BD) -- Infectious and Postinfectious Diseases of the Spinal Cord -- Differential Diagnosis -- Therapeutic Options -- References -- 7 Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic Look -- Introduction -- Failure of the Demyelination in MS -- Pathophysiologic Pathways for Repair and Remyelination in MS -- Notch Signaling Pathway -- Wnt Signaling Pathway -- Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway -- Erk1/2 MAPK Signaling Pathway -- LINGO1 Pathway -- Hyaluronan Pathway -- Retinoid X Receptor Gamma (RXRγ)/PPAR Signaling Pathway -- Integrated Stress Response (ISR) Pathway -- Alteration of the Lesion Environment to be More Permissive of OPC Differentiation and Remyelination -- Enhancement of Cell Survival After Inflammation, and the Link Between Signaling Pathways and Inflammation in Remyelination -- Potential Remyelinating Therapies in MS -- Concluding Remarks -- References.

8 The Way Forward With Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis -- Background -- WHY-Which Endpoints Should be Targeted? -- Relapses -- MRI-Disease Activity -- MS-Related Physical Disability-EDSS-Score -- Optical Coherence Tomography -- Depressive Symptoms -- Biomarkers of Disease Activity -- Unexplored Territories-Other MS-Related Outcomes -- Bone Mineral Density -- WHO-Which Individuals Should be Supplemented? -- Disease Phenotype -- Genetic Profile -- Unexplored Territories-Further Strata -- HOW-Which Therapeutic Regimen Should be Provided? -- Monotherapy or Add-on Therapy to Which Drugs? -- Dosing of Vitamin D -- Unexplored Territories-Other Vitamin D-Related Molecules -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Autoimmune Encephalitis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Management -- Introduction -- Clinical Features of Specific Antibody Related Syndromes -- Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis -- Epidemiology of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis -- Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Antibodies -- Anti-LGI1 and Anti-CASPR2 Antibodies -- Anti-LGI1 -- Anti-CASPR2 -- Other Antibodies Associated With Encephalitis -- Autoimmune Encephalitis Without Detectable Antibodies to CNS Tissue -- Antibody Detection in Autoimmune Encephalitis -- Pathophysiology -- Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Immune Dysregulation in Epilepsy -- Introduction -- Inflammation and Seizures -- Immune Dysregulation in Patients With Epilepsy -- Immunological Alterations in Specific Epilepsy Syndromes -- Infantile Spasm -- Landau-Kleffner Syndrome -- Rasmussen Encephalitis (RE) -- Epilepsy Comorbid Autoimmune Conditions -- Celiac Disease -- Hashimoto's Encephalopathy -- Parry Romberg Syndrome -- Stiff Man Syndrome -- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) -- Immunomodulators for Epilepsy -- Corticotropin -- Cannabinoids -- Corticosteroids -- Immunoglobulins -- Plasma Exchange.

Conclusions -- References -- 11 Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Management -- Epidemiology -- Clinical Presentations -- Neuroimaging of NS -- The Parenchyma -- The Leptomeninges -- The Hypothalamus and Pituitary -- Other Cranial Findings -- Spinal Cord -- Skeletal and Soft Tissue -- Pathophysiology -- Treatment -- References -- 12 Existing and Emerging Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis -- Introduction -- Enteral Drugs -- Masitinib -- Study Details -- Adverse Effects -- Ongoing Trial -- Laquinimod -- Study Details -- Adverse Effects -- Ozanimod -- Study Details -- Adverse Effects -- Ongoing Trial -- Siponimod -- Study Details -- Adverse Effects -- Ongoing Trial -- Ponesimod -- Study Details -- Adverse Effects -- Ongoing Trials -- Parenteral Drugs -- Rituximab -- Study Details -- Adverse Effects -- Anti-Lingo -- Study Details -- Adverse Effects -- References -- 13 Tumefactive Demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Presentation, Pathophysiology and Treatment Options -- Introduction -- Tumefactive Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis -- Epidemiology -- Clinical Presentation -- Pathophysiology -- Diagnostic Studies -- Imaging -- CSF Studies -- Biopsy -- Rare Variants of Multiple Sclerosis -- Balo's Concentric Sclerosis -- Marburg Acute Multiple Sclerosis -- Schilder's Disease (Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis) -- Treatment Options -- Prognosis -- Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 14 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors for MS -- Proposed Pathophysiology of Pediatric MS -- Diagnosis -- NMO -- Laboratory Studies -- Pediatric MS Mimics -- Management -- Acute Relapses -- Disease-Modifying Treatments -- First-Line Treatments -- Other Injectable Medications -- Daclizumab -- Oral Treatments -- Fingolimod -- Dimethyl Fumarate -- Teriflunomide -- Intravenous DMTs -- Natalizumab.

Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.