Political and Legal Perspectives : The Dynamics of Religious Reform in Northern Europe, 1780-1920.

Intro -- Political and Legal Perspectives -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: Envisaging 'Northern Europe' -- The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland -- The Low Countries -- 'Germany' -- Scandinavia/the Nordic Region -- Christian Northern Monarchies -- 'Natives' and 'Others' in Northern Europe -- Urban and Rural Life -- Conclusion -- Part II: Religious Reform -- Bibliography -- The United Kingdom of Great Britain &amp -- Ireland -- The Reform and Extension of Established Churches in the United Kingdom, 1780-1870 -- Church Reform and Extension The First Phase, 1780-1829 -- Church Reform and Extension The Second Phase 1832-1851 -- Church Extension The Third Phase, 1851-1870 -- Church Establishment, Disestablishment and Democracy in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1870-1920 -- Prelude -- Turning to Democracy -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Low Countries -- Liberal State and Confessional Accommodation The Southern Netherlands / Belgium -- Resistance to Regalism (1780-1830) -- Ultramontanist Resistance to Josephinism (1780-1790) -- The Struggle for Survival under French Rule (1795-1815) -- The Decline of Regalism under the United Kingdom (1815-1830) -- A Privileged Freedom (1830-1847) -- The Struggle for Religious Neutrality of the State (1847-1884) -- The Option for a State-Free Space -- Dutch Political Developments and Religious Reform -- Deconfessionalisation and the Disestablishment of the Public Church (1780-1801) -- Enlightened State Oversight over the Churches (1801-1853) -- The Separation of Church and State in Practice (1853-1922) -- Poor Relief and Education New Reform Efforts (1848-1917) -- Bibliography -- The Netherlands -- Germany -- Constitutional Complexity and Confessional Diversity -- The German Context c.1780-1815 -- The Holy Roman Empire and its Churches -- Freedom of Religion - and its Limits.

Secularisation, and the End of the Holy Roman Empire -- Restauration - up to a point -- Compacts, Compromises and Controls: Rulers and the Catholic Church -- Meeting Opposition: Ultramontanism -- Kept under Control: Prussia, Bavaria and the Protestant Churches -- Revolution 1848-1849 and its Aftermath -- Religious Freedom: an Ambiguous but Fundamental Right? -- Plotting the Future: Constitutional Solutions -- Conservative Change: the 1850 Prussian Constitution and the Churches -- Culture Wars and Accommodations: the Final Phase -- National Unity and Protestant Unity -- State and Catholic Church: the Kulturkampf -- Money Matters -- Finance: a Tangled Inheritance -- Finance: South German Solutions -- Finance: Prussian Solutions -- Finance: Church Taxes -- Disputed Territory: the State, the Churches and Welfare -- Religious Minorities: Parity, to a Degree -- Keeping it all Together: Monarchs as Linchpins -- The Weimar Constitution: New Epoch, New Principles -- Bibliography -- The Nordic countries -- State and Church in Denmark and Norway -- Reformation and Absolutism -- Enlightened Legislation and Religious Debate -- The Danish Pastor between Church and State -- The Constitution of Norway 1814 -- Becoming Norwegian -- Norwegian Law for Dissenters 1845 -- The Constitution of Denmark 1849 -- Religious Freedom and Establishment -- The Tangled Web of Finance -- Continued Debate on Church Order -- The Church of Democracy -- Conclusion -- Political Reform in Sweden -- The End of the Mediaeval Parliament -- The Church Assembly and the Bishops' Conference -- A New Constitution and a Reduced Nation -- Religious Toleration for 'Foreigners' -- Tolerance within the Lutheran Church -- Social Reform, Church Building, and Financial Reform -- Loosening Ties but still Together: Oaths, Universities, a Diocese - and no Coronation -- Bibliography -- Sweden -- Index.

Authors -- Colophon.

Before the last quarter of the eighteenth century there was a generally clear and remarkably uniform pattern of church-state relationships across Europe. In the course of the nineteenth century this firm alliance between political and religious establishments broke down. Religious pluralism developed everywhere, though at different speeds, requiring church and state to reach fresh solutions.This volume Political and Legal Perspectives highlights the impact of broad political change, ‘democratization', on the question of religious reform, in Northern Europe. Competing political parties expressed contrasting views about whether ‘the state' should be ‘neutral' or whether it should give particular support to one or other churches.It is hardly surprising that there was no simple ‘one fits it all' solution. Some countries were multi-confessional where others were still in some sense confessional. This volume shows a set of problems and circumstances which were often common but which led to outcomes which were, and to an extent still remain, ‘different'.The research focus of this book is historical but how ‘the state' deals with ‘the church' (and ‘the church' with ‘the state') continues to be a live and pressing public issue in a multi-confessional and multi-faith European Union.

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