Strategies for Reducing Drug and Chemical Residues in Food Animals : International Approaches to Residue Avoidance, Management, and Testing.

Intro -- Strategies for Reducing Drug and Chemical Residues in Food Animals Strategies for Reducing Drug and Chemical Residues in Food Animals: International Approaches to Residue Avoidance, Management, and Testing -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Importance of Veterinary Drug Residues -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Veterinary Drug Use in Livestock -- 1.3 Quality Assurance Programs -- 1.4 Adverse Human Health Effects of Drug Residues -- 1.5 Withdrawal Time Determinations -- 1.6 Antimicrobial Resistance -- 1.7 Economic Impact of Drug Residues -- References -- Chapter 2 Pharmacokinetic Principles for Understanding Drug Depletion as a Basis for Determination of Withdrawal Periods for Animal Drugs -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Pharmacokinetic Principles Underlying Drug Depletion -- 2.3 The Impact of PK on Drug Depletion -- 2.4 Factors Influencing ADME -- 2.4.1 Gender -- 2.4.2 Age -- 2.4.3 Body Composition -- 2.4.4 Pregnancy and Lactation -- 2.4.5 Heritable Traits/Breeds -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Evaluation of Drug Residue Depletion in the Edible Products of Food-Producing Animals for Establishing Withdrawal Periods and Milk Discard Times -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Residue Safety Standards for Total Residues -- 3.1.2 Residue Exposure Evaluation and Mitigation -- 3.2 Information Needed for Determination of Withdrawal Periods or Milk Discard Times -- 3.2.1 Total Residue Depletion Study -- 3.2.2 Metabolism and Comparative Metabolism Studies -- 3.2.3 Target Tissue, Marker Residue and Tolerance Determination -- 3.2.4 Marker Residue Depletion Study -- 3.3 Factors for Consideration in Conducting a Marker Residue Depletion Study -- 3.3.1 Animals Species, Class, Gender, and Maturity -- 3.3.2 Animal Husbandry -- 3.3.3 Number of Animals -- 3.3.4 Dose and Administration -- 3.3.5 Sampling Time Intervals.

3.3.6 Tissue Sample Collection -- 3.3.7 Tissue Sample Analysis and Data Report -- 3.3.8 Withdrawal Time Calculation -- 3.3.9 Special Case Considerations Related to Setting a Withdrawal Period -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Establishing Maximum Residue Limits in Europe* -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Procedure for the Establishment of MRLs -- 4.3 Scientific Evaluation -- 4.4 Extrapolation of MRLs -- 4.5 Prohibited Drugs -- 4.6 EU Policy on Minor Use and Minor Species -- 4.7 EU Policy and Legislation on Feed Additives -- 4.8 Off-Label Use -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Methods to Derive Withdrawal Periods in the European Union -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Withdrawal Periods for Meat -- 5.2.1 Residue Studies -- 5.2.2 Data Evaluation -- 5.3 Statistical Method -- 5.4 Alternative Approach: Decision Rule -- 5.4.1 Injection Site Residues -- 5.5 Withdrawal Periods for Milk -- 5.5.1 Residue Studies for Milk -- 5.5.2 Data Evaluation -- 5.6 Withdrawal Periods for Eggs -- 5.6.1 Residue Studies for Eggs -- 5.6.2 Data Evaluation -- 5.7 Withdrawal Periods for Honey -- 5.8 Extrapolation of Withdrawal Periods -- 5.8.1 Identical Products -- 5.8.2 Products with Identical Active Ingredient but with Different Formulation/Different Dosing Regimen/Routes of Administration -- 5.8.3 Products Not Authorized Previously for Major Species -- References -- Chapter 6 Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Withdrawal Times -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Population Modeling to Preslaughter Withdrawal Times -- 6.3 Covariate Analysis -- 6.4 Benefits to Population-Based Modeling Techniques -- 6.5 Limitations of Population-Based Modeling Techniques -- 6.6 Future Applications -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Model Development and Validation.

7.3 PBPK Applied to Prediction of Drug Residues -- 7.3.1 Extralabel Drug Use in Individuals and Populations: Sulfamethazine in Swine -- 7.3.2 Scaling between Species: Melamine in Rats and Swine -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Residue Avoidance in Beef Cattle Production Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Beef Cattle Production Systems -- 8.2.1 Common Infectious Diseases of Beef Cattle -- 8.3 Use of Anti-infective Agents in Beef Cattle Production -- 8.3.1 The Need for Anti-infectives -- 8.3.2 Definition of Therapeutic -- 8.3.3 Clinical Scenarios in Which Extralabel Drug Use May Be Required -- 8.4 Approaches to Minimize the Need for Antimicrobial Drugs -- 8.4.1 Evidence for Interventions That Reduce Antimicrobial Use -- 8.4.2 Evidence for Interventions That Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance -- 8.5 Approaches to Minimize the Need for Parasiticides -- 8.6 Approaches to Minimize Residues (Residue Avoidance) -- 8.7 Quality Assurance Programs -- 8.8 The Future: Antimicrobial Regulation and the Market for "Antimicrobial-Free" Beef Products -- References -- Chapter 9 Residue Avoidance in Dairy Cattle Production Systems -- 9.1 Prophylactic Use of Drugs in Dairy Cattle -- 9.2 Therapeutic Use of Drugs in Dairy Cattle -- 9.3 Prevalence of Drug Residues -- 9.4 Minimizing Residues in Meat and Milk -- References -- Chapter 10 Residue Avoidance in Aquaculture Production Systems∗ -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Environmental Contaminants -- 10.3 Drug Use as a Source of Residues -- 10.4 Melamine Adulteration of Aquaculture Feeds: A Case Study -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Residue Avoidance in Small Ruminant Production Systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Prophylactic Use of Major Drug Classes (E.G., Antibiotics, Antiparasitics) in Goat and Sheep Production Systems in the EU, United States, and Australasia.

11.3 Therapeutic Use of Major Drug Classes (E.G., Antibiotics, Antiparasitics) in Goat and Sheep Production Systems -- 11.4 Prevalence of Drug Residues in Sheep and Goat Meat and Milk -- 11.5 Approaches to Minimize Antimicrobial Use and Cost of Eliminating Subtherapeutic Use -- 11.6 Quality Assurance Programs with Special Emphasis on Management of Drug Residues in Goat and Sheep Production Systems -- 11.7 The Future -- References -- Chapter 12 Residue Avoidance in Swine Production Systems -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Prophylactic Use of Drugs in Swine -- 12.3 Therapeutic Use of Drugs in Swine -- 12.3.1 Aminoglycosides -- 12.3.2 Sulfonamides -- 12.3.3 Tetracyclines -- 12.3.4 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs -- 12.4 Prevalence of Drug Residues -- 12.5 Minimizing Residues in Swine -- References -- Chapter 13 Confirmatory Methods for Veterinary Drugs and Chemical Contaminants in Livestock Commodities -- 13.1 Introduction and Essential Concepts -- 13.2 Instrumentation and Techniques -- 13.3 Method Development, Validation, and Official Guidelines -- 13.4 Selected Recent Publications for Confirmation of Veterinary Drugs or Organic Contaminants in Food Animal Products and Feed -- 13.4.1 Examples of LC-MS/MS-Based Multiresidue Confirmatory Methods -- 13.4.2 Examples of LC-QIT MS-Based Multiresidue Confirmatory Methods -- 13.4.3 Examples of LC-(Q)-TOF-Based Multiresidue Confirmatory Methods -- 13.4.4 Examples of Orbitrap-Based Multiresidue Confirmatory Methods -- 13.4.5 Comparison between Unit Resolution MS/MS and HRMS1 on the Same Analysis Targets -- 13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank: An Example of Risk Management of Veterinary Drug Residues -- 14.1 Origins of FARAD -- 14.2 The Role of FARAD -- 14.3 Access to Regulatory Drug Information via the FARAD Website.

14.4 Expert-Mediated Consultations by FARAD -- 14.5 FARAD Publications and Presentations -- 14.6 Global FARAD -- Chapter 15 Risk Management of Chemical Contaminants in Livestock -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Heptachlor -- 15.3 Dioxin -- 15.4 Melamine -- 15.5 Radioactive Contamination and Management Consideration -- 15.6 By-Products of Fracking -- References -- Index.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.