The Critical Thinking Toolkit.

Intro -- Title page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- The Very Idea of Critical Thinking -- 1 Basic Tools for Critical Thinking about Arguments -- 1.1 Claims -- 1.2 Arguments -- 1.3 Premises -- 1.4 Conclusions -- 2 More Tools for Critical Thinking about Arguments -- 2.1 Deductive and Inductive Arguments -- 2.2 Conditional Claims -- 2.3 Classifying and Comparing Claims -- 2.4 Claims and Definitions -- 2.5 The Critical Thinker's "Two Step": Validity and Soundness/Cogency and Strength -- 2.6 Showing Invalidity by Counterexample -- Notes -- 3 Tools for Deductive Reasoning with Categories -- 3.1 Thinking Categorically -- 3.2 Categorical Logic -- 3.3 Translating English Claims to Standard Form -- 3.4 Formal Deduction with Categories: Immediate Inferences -- 3.5 Formal Deduction with Categories: Syllogisms -- 4 Tools for Deductive Reasoning with Claims -- 4.1 Propositional vs. Categorical Logics -- 4.2 Common Deductively Valid Forms -- 4.3 Equivalences -- 4.4 Formal Deduction with Forms and Equivalences -- 4.5 Common Formal Fallacies -- 5 Tools for Detecting Informal Fallacies -- 5.1 Critical Thinking, Critical Deceiving, and the "Two Step" -- 5.2 Subjectivist Fallacy -- 5.3 Genetic Fallacies -- 5.4 Ad Hominem Fallacies: Direct, Circumstantial, and Tu Quoque -- 5.5 Appeal to Emotions or Appeal to the Heart (argumentum ad passiones) -- 5.6 Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum) -- 5.7 Appeal to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam) -- 5.8 Appeal to Novelty (argumentum ad novitatem) -- 5.9 Appeal to the People (argumentum ad populum) -- 5.10 Appeal to Unqualified Authority (argumentum ad verecundiam) -- 5.11 Fallacy of Accident -- 5.12 False Dilemma -- 5.13 Semantic and Syntactic Fallacies -- 5.14 Begging the Question (petitio principii) -- 5.15 Question-Begging Sentences -- 5.16 Missing the Point (ignoratio elenchi).

5.17 Fallacy of Composition -- 5.18 Fallacy of Division -- 5.19 Is-Ought Fallacy -- 5.20 Appeal to Tradition -- 5.21 Quoting Out of Context -- 5.22 Red Herring -- 5.23 Straw Man and Fidelity -- 5.24 Hasty Fallacization -- 5.25 A Brief Argument Clinic -- Notes -- 6 Tools for Critical Thinking about Induction -- 6.1 Inductive vs. Deductive Arguments Again -- 6.2 Analogies and Arguments from Analogy -- 6.3 Fallacies about Causation -- 6.4 Inductive Statistical Reasoning -- 6.5 Base Rate Fallacy -- 6.6 Slippery Slope and Reductio ad Absurdum -- 6.7 Hasty Generalization -- 6.8 Mill's Five Methods -- Notes -- 7 Tools for Critical Thinking about Experience and Error -- 7.1 Error Theory -- 7.2 Cognitive Errors -- 7.3 Environment and Error -- 7.4 Background and Ignorance -- 7.5 Misleading Language -- 7.6 Standpoint and Disagreement -- 8 Tools for Critical Thinking about Justification -- 8.1 Knowledge: The Basics -- 8.2 Feelings as Evidence -- 8.3 Skepticism and Sensory Experience -- 8.4 Emotions and Evidence -- 8.5 Justifying Values -- 8.6 Justification: The Basics -- 8.7 Truth and Responsible Belief -- 8.8 How Does Justification Work? -- 8.9 A Problem for Responsible Belief -- 8.10 Evidence: Weak and Strong -- 8.11 Justification: Conclusions -- Notes -- 9 Tools for Critical Thinking about Science -- 9.1 Science and the Value of Scientific Reasoning -- 9.2 The Purview of Science -- 9.3 Varieties of Possibility and Impossibility -- 9.4 Scientific Method -- 9.5 Unfalsifiability and Falsification Resistance -- 9.6 Experiments and Other Tests -- 9.7 Six Criteria for Abduction -- 9.8 Bad Science -- Notes -- 10 Tools from Rhetoric, Critical Theory, and Politics -- 10.1 Meta-Narratives -- 10.2 Governing Tropes -- 10.3 The Medium is the Message -- 10.4 Voice -- 10.5 Semiotics: Critically Reading Signs -- 10.6 Deconstruction -- 10.7 Foucault's Critique of Power.

10.8 The Frankfurt School: Culture Critique -- 10.9 Class Critiques -- 10.10 Feminist and Gender Critiques -- 10.11 Critiques of Race and Racism -- 10.12 Traditionalist and Historicist Critiques -- 10.13 Ecological Critiques -- Appendix: Recommended Web Sites -- Index -- EULA.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.