Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations.

Front Cover -- ANCESTRAL DNA, HUMAN ORIGINS, AND MIGRATIONS -- ANCESTRAL DNA, HUMAN ORIGINS, AND MIGRATIONS -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 - The Nature of Evolution -- SUMMARY -- ON THE NATURE OF EVOLUTION -- Mechanisms -- Mutations, the Raw Material of Evolution -- The Random Nature of Mutations -- Beneficial or Deleterious Mutations -- When the Genetic Load Becomes Too Heavy? -- The Evolution of Complex Genetic Traits -- HOMININS: EVOLUTION ON STEROIDS -- Transposons -- Core Duplicons -- The GOLGA Duplicon -- The SRGAP2 Gene -- Duplicon DUF1220 -- Rapidly Expanding Short Tandem Repeats -- References -- 2 - Early Hominins -- SUMMARY -- SUB-SAHARAN NORTHEAST AFRICA: VARIABLE HABITAT AND SELECTION PRESSURES -- The Hominin Lineage Was Born at a Time of Dramatic Environmental Changes -- The East African Rift -- Upright Posture and Bipedalism -- Encephalization and the Hominin Brain -- WHO ARE THE HOMININS? -- Theme and Variations in Hominin Evolution -- Was Sahelanthropus a Great Ape or a Hominin? -- Orrorin tugenensis -- Ardipithecines: In-Between Worlds -- Australopithecines -- Homo naledi -- Homo erectus, the First Out of Africa Migrants -- Further Reading -- 3 - Origin of Modern Humans -- SUMMARY -- TOOLS, ENVIRONMENTS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO STUDY THE ORIGINS OF HOMO SAPIENS -- Some Tools Mentioned in This Chapter -- WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE HUMAN? -- Different Perspectives on Being Human, Self-Awareness, Degrees of Consciousness -- The Evolution of the Human Brain -- The Anatomy and the Physiology of the Human Brain -- Some of the Characteristics That Make Us Human -- Human Intellect -- Speech and Language -- Self-Awareness -- Emotions -- Culture -- Technology -- ORIGINS OF MODERN HUMANS: HOW IT ALL BEGAN -- In the Beginning -- Human Variation From Great Apes and Extinct Human Ancestors.

Genomic Variation Between Humans and Other Primates -- Changes in Gene Expression by Gene Regulatory Mutations -- Transposable Elements and Gene Regulation -- microRNA Regulation and Epigenetic Variation -- Copy Number Variations in Primates -- CNV Gene and Sequence Deletions -- Chromosome Rearrangements -- Primate Behavior -- Origin of Modern Humans -- The Humans Before Us -- The Effects of Climate on Human Evolution -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 4 - The Exodus Out of Africa -- SUMMARY -- THE ARGUMENT FOR AN AFRICAN ORIGIN -- THE FIRST HUMAN TRAVELERS -- WHICH WAY DID THEY GO? -- THE USE OF GENETICS TO DETERMINE WHEN AND WHERE HUMANS LEFT AFRICA -- OUT OF AFRICA: A SOUTHERN ROUTE TO ARABIA? -- AN EXIT THROUGH THE LEVANTINE CORRIDOR -- MULTIREGIONAL THEORIES -- APPROACHING ASIA -- COASTAL MOVEMENT INTO AUSTRALIA -- BACK TO AFRICA MOVEMENT -- WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 5 - The Settlement of the Near East -- SUMMARY -- THE FIRST HOMININ SETTLERS OF THE NEAR EAST -- Climatic Conditions -- Migration Signals -- The Controversial Homo habilis -- Homo erectus -- Dmanisi -- Erq el-Ahmar -- Ubeidiya -- Nahal Zihor -- Dursunlu -- Kashafrud and the Darband Cave -- Homo heidelbergensis in the Near East -- DNA Analysis -- Mugharet El-Zuttiyeh -- Tabūn, Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, and Other Potential Locations of Homo heidelbergensis Habitation -- THE MELTING POT -- From Early Homo sapiens to Anatomically Modern Humans in the Near East -- EARLY HOMO SAPIENS IN THE NEAR EAST -- Skhūl -- Qafzeh -- Tabūn -- Jebel Faya -- Did Early Anatomically Modern Humans Survive? -- The Near East: A Story of Cohabitation -- What Happened to the Early sapiens Populations of the Near East 80,000 ya? -- Anatomically Modern Humans in the Near East -- Manot -- Skhūl -- Kebara -- El-Wad -- How Sporadic Were the Settlement Events in the Near East?.

Where Hominis Went Next? -- Further Reading -- 6 - Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Hobbits -- SUMMARY -- ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND GENETIC TOOLS TO STUDY HUMAN EVOLUTION -- NEANDERTHAL ORIGIN AND FOSSIL DISCOVERY -- NEANDERTHAL SKELETAL MORPHOLOGY AND BODY TYPE -- NEANDERTHAL LANGUAGE -- NEANDERTHAL DIET -- NEANDERTHAL BEHAVIOR -- COEXISTENCE OF MODERN HUMANS AND NEANDERTHALS -- INTROGRESSION -- EXTINCTION -- DENISOVANS -- HOBBIT -- RECENT UPDATES -- References -- 7 - Dispersals Into India -- SUMMARY -- FROM THE NEAR EAST TO INDIA -- Geography and Routes -- Three Alternative Routes to Southeast Asia -- Oldowan Versus Acheulean Traditions -- EARLY HOMININS DURING THE EARLY PLEISTOCENE, 2.6MYA TO 800,000 YA -- The Riwat Site -- Pabbi Hills -- Dang Valley -- Masol -- Attirampakkam, a 1.5-mya Site Near the Southeast Coast of India -- RECONSIDERATION OF THE OUT OF AFRICA I PARADIGM BASED ON SOUTH ASIAN FINDINGS -- Who Were the 2.6-mya Inhabitants of Masol? -- Location of Sites Along the Siwalik Corridor -- ABSENCE OF THE EARLIEST MIGRANTS IN THE INTERIOR OF THE SUBCONTINENT -- SCARCITY OF THE PRE-ACHEULEAN INDUSTRY IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT -- HOMININ ASSEMBLAGES AND FOSSILS FROM THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE, 800,000-126,000 YA -- Isampur -- Hathnora -- Odai -- Bhimbetka -- Attirampakkam -- HOMININS FROM THE MIDDLE LATE PLEISTOCENE, 126,000-70,000 YA -- The 16R Dune in Rajasthan -- Patne -- ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS IN INDIA -- The Arrival -- The Genetic Perspective -- Uniparental Markers -- The Y Chromosome -- MtDNA -- Genome-Wide Biparental Markers -- Fossil Evidence -- Darra-i-Kur -- Bhimbetka -- Batadomba-lena and Other Sites in Southern Sri Lanka -- Mosaic of Ancestral and Derived Traits in Anatomically Modern Humans in the Subcontinent -- Pre- or Post-Toba Arrival? -- Artistic Expressions of Anatomically Modern Humans.

Gradualism Instead of Sharp Replacement Characterizes the Archaic to AMH Transition -- Potential Interbreeding Among Archaics and Anatomically Modern Humans -- Mesolithics and Violent Deaths in South Asia -- The Neolithic -- Migration Versus Acculturation -- Parallelisms Between the European and South Asian Neolithic -- Further Reading -- 8 - The Occupation of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Australia -- SUMMARY -- HOMININS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA -- THE EARLIEST HOMININS IN EAST ASIA-2.0MYA AND BEFORE -- Longgupo -- Renzidong -- HOMO ERECTUS VERSUS HOMO ERGASTER -- SOUTHEAST ASIAN ERECTUS -- How Different Were the Regional Populations of Homo erectus? -- JAVANESE HOMO ERECTUS -- Java Man -- The Mojokerto Site -- Brain Development in erectus -- Sangiran 17 -- CHINESE HOMO ERECTUS -- Peking Man -- Yuanmou Man -- HOW HOMO ERECTUS GOT TO INDONESIA? -- Mata Menge -- Talepu -- Were Homo erectus the First Hominin Mariners? -- HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA -- Dali -- Jinniushan -- HOMO SAPIENS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA -- Modern Homo sapiens Versus Archaic Homo sapiens -- Inconsistent Age Estimation of Hominin Remains in East Asia -- A Chronological Conundrum -- Xujiayao, 125kya -- Daoxian, 120kya -- Zhirendong, 113kya -- EN ROUTE TO ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND BEYOND -- Migrations Through Continental Southeast Asia Into Island Southeast Asia -- Homo sapiens in Sunda -- Lida Ajer -- Niah -- Laili -- COLONIZATION OF AUSTRALIA -- Routes into Australia -- Archeology of Australia -- Mungo 1 and 3 -- Kow Swamp -- The Enigma of Younger sapiens Exhibiting More Archaic Features Than Older sapiens -- DNA Data From Australian Aborigines -- mtDNA -- Y Chromosome -- Genome-Wide Studies -- SOUTHEAST ASIAN EVIDENCE FOR THE OUT OF AFRICA VERSUS CANDELABRA THEORIES -- Continuity of Anatomical Traits -- Continuity of Genetic Traits -- CONCLUSION -- References.

9 - The Austronesian Expansion -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- WHO WERE THE AUSTRONESIANS? -- Determining the Homeland -- Taiwanese Aboriginals -- HOW THE DISPERSAL HAPPENED -- LEAVING TAIWAN: THE EXPANSION -- THE PATH OF COLONIZATION THROUGH THE ISLANDS OF SEA -- Philippines -- Indonesia and Malaysia -- Melanesia -- Polynesia -- Micronesia -- Polynesian Outliers -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 10 - From Africa to the Americas -- SUMMARY -- WHERE THE TREK BEGAN -- THE ALTAIC -- Climatic Conditions -- Early Settlement of North Central Asia -- The People of the Altaic -- Culture, Language, and Mythology -- Genetic Characteristics -- THE NEAR EAST -- THREE MAIN TYPES OF DNA -- THE Y CHROMOSOME -- MITOCHONDRIAL DNA -- BIPARENTAL DNA MARKERS -- THE PEOPLING OF NORTHEAST SIBERIA -- Origins of Northeast Siberian Populations -- Habitat and Survival -- Art -- Contemporary Populations of Extreme Northeast Siberia -- Languages -- Subsistence -- Folklore and Religion -- Genetics -- CULTURAL PARALLELISMS BETWEEN THE POPULATIONS OF NORTHEAST SIBERIA AND AMERICA -- THE BERINGIA HIATUS -- COMING TO AMERICA -- The First Americans -- Time of Arrival -- Clovis First -- How Many Waves? -- Climatic Considerations -- Linguistics -- Anatomy -- DNA -- Classical Markers -- mtDNA Types -- Autosomal Markers -- Y Chromosome-Specific Markers -- INTO OCEANIA -- Polynesian Chickens in Chile -- South American Sweet Potatoes in Polynesia -- Native American DNA in Easter Island -- References -- 11 - The Bantu Expansion -- SUMMARY -- THE BANTU CAUSATUM -- THE LINGUISTIC CUE -- Bantu and Non-Bantu Languages of Sub-Saharan Africa -- Niger-Kordofanians -- Afro-Asiatic -- Khoisan -- Nilo-Saharan -- Pygmies -- The Surprising Widespread Distribution of Bantu Languages -- THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE -- ON EXPANSION MODE -- AN AMICABLE TAKEOVER AND PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE?.

Nature of the Interactions Between Bantus and Local Populations.

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