Private International Law : Idealism, Pragmatism, Eclecticism.

Intro -- The Hague Academy of International Law: Private International Law Idealism, Pragmatism, Eclecticism -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Biographical Note -- Principal Publications -- Abbreviations -- List of PIL Codifications -- List of EU Regulations -- List of International Conventions -- List of Tables and Charts -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter I Historical Foundations -- Section 1. Introduction -- Section 2. From Ancient Greece to Medieval Italy -- Section 3. Early Footings: Bartolus, Statutists, and Unilateralism -- Section 4. Huber's Comity -- Section 5. The Nineteenth Century: The Classical PIL Edifice -- A. Story -- B. Wächter -- C. Savigny and Multilateralism -- D. Other Nineteenth Century Scholars -- Section 6. The Twentieth Century -- A. The Two Halves -- B. Beale and the Traditional American Choice-of-Law System -- 1. Territoriality -- 2. Vested Rights -- 3. The First Conflicts Restatement -- Section 7. Summary: The Classical PIL System -- Section 8. The Recent Codification Movement -- Chapter II. Substantivist Carve-Outs -- Section 1. The Original Substantivist Method -- Section 2. Contemporary Substantivist Carve-Outs -- A. Legislative Substantivism -- 1. Internationally -- 2. Regionally -- 3. Nationally -- B. Non-State, Anational Substantivism -- C. Substantivism in Arbitration -- D. Substantivism in Adjudication -- Section 3. Summary -- Chapter III. The "International" in Private International Law -- Section 1. What's in a Name? -- A. Conflict of Laws -- B. Private International Law -- Section 2. Internationality -- Section 3. International Uniformity -- Section 4. Interstate Uniformity -- Section 5. Conclusions -- Chapter IV. The "Private" in Private International Law -- Section 1. Introduction: Private or Public Law? -- Section 2. Brainerd Currie and State Interests -- A. Introduction.

B. Do States Have an Interest in Multistate Disputes between Private -- C. Are State Interests Ascertainable? -- D. Re-conceptualizing State Interests -- E. Can an Interest-Based Approach Rationally Resolve Conflicts? -- 1. False Conflicts -- 2. True Conflicts -- 3. No-Interest Cases -- F. Summary -- Section 3. Not "Only in America": Recognition of State Interests Elsewhere -- A. Not for Export -- B. Unilateralist Tools -- C. Multilateral but Non-Neutral Rules -- D. Constitutionalization of PIL -- Section 4. Conclusions -- Chapter V. Unilateralist Encroachments -- Section 1. Introduction -- A. Misplaced Labels -- B. History -- C. The Differences -- Section 2. The Resilience of Unilateralism -- Section 3. Unilateralism in Academic Doctrine -- A. In Europe -- B. In the United States -- Section 4. Not "Only in America": The Ubiquity of Unilateralism -- A. Unilateral Choice-of-Law Rules in PIL Codifications -- 1. Old-Fashioned, General Unilateral Rules -- 2. Unilateral Rules for Tort Conflicts -- 3. Multiple Nationalities -- 4. Capacity -- 5. Marriage -- 6. Divorce -- 7. Adoption -- 8. Maintenance -- 9. Successions -- 10. Formal Validity -- 11. Contracts -- 12. Intellectual Property -- 13. Mea Culpa -- B. Mandatory Rules, or Rules of Immediate Application -- C. Unilateralism in Substantive Statutes -- 1. "Localizing Rules": Concept and Function -- 2. Consumer Contracts -- 3. Insurance contracts -- 4. Employment Contracts -- 5. Franchise, Distributorship, and Commercial Agency Contracts -- 6. Other Contracts -- 7. Antitrust -- Section 5. Symbiosis -- A. Unilateralism is Alive and Kicking -- B. Methodological Implications: From Antagonism to Symbiosis -- C. Unilateralism and Parochialism -- D. The Unilaterality of Multilateralism -- E. Comparison -- F. Combining Multilateralism with Accommodative Unilateralism.

Chapter VI. The Material Tempering of Conflicts Justice -- Section 1. The Question -- Section 2. The Orthodox Answer: "Conflicts Justice" -- Section 3. The Heretical Answer: "Material Justice" -- A. The Thesis -- B. Relation with Other Approaches -- C. The American Version -- 1. David F. Cavers -- 2. Robert A. Leflar -- a. Leflar's Approach -- b. Judicial Reception -- 3. Other American Authors -- D. European Perspectives -- Section 4. Covert Result Selectivism in the Courts -- Section 5. Overt Result Selectivism in Legislation -- A. Introduction -- B. Result-Selective Choice-of-Law Rules in General -- C. Rules Favoring the Validity of Certain Juridical Acts (favor validitatis) -- 1. Testaments (favor testamenti) -- a. Formal Validity -- b. Substantive Validity -- 2. Other Juridical Acts (favor negotii) -- a. Formal Validity -- b. Capacity -- D. Rules Favoring a Certain Status -- 1. Legitimacy (favor legitimationis) -- 2. Filiation (favor infantis) -- 3. Acknowledgment -- 4. Adoption -- 5. Marriage (favor matrimonii) -- 6. Divorce (favor divortii) -- E. Rules Favoring One Party: Choice of Law by, or for the Benefit of, One Party -- 1. Pre-Dispute Choice by One Party -- 2. Post-dispute Choice by, or for the Benefit of One Party -- a. Cross-Border Torts -- (1) Favor Laesi for All Cross-Border Torts -- (2) Favor Laesi in Products Liability -- (3) Favor Laesi in Other Cross-Border Torts -- (4) Summary -- b. Choice by Owner of Stolen Property -- c. Choice by Unwed Mother -- d. Court Choice for the Benefit of Maintenance Obligees -- e. Court Choice for the Benefit of Children and Other Weak Parties -- 3. Protecting Consumers or Employees from the Consequences of an Adverse Choice-of-Law Clause -- Section 6. Conclusions -- A. Summary -- B. Not "Only in America" -- C. Result Selectivism in Legislation and Adjudication -- D. Exceptional?.

Chapter VII. The Softening of Concepts and Rules -- Section 1. Introduction -- Section 2. The Virtual Abandonment of Connecting Factors in the United States -- Section 3. Not "Only in America": The Softening of Connecting Factors in Recent Codifications -- A. The Closer or Closest Connection -- 1. The Closest Connection as the Principal Connecting Factor -- 2. The Closest Connection in Specific Roles -- a. The Closest Connection as a Presumption in Contract Conflicts, Subject to a Closer-Connection Escape -- b. The Closest Connection as a Presumption in Tort Conflicts Subject to a Closer-Connection Escape -- c. The Closest Connection as a Connecting Factor in Other Conflicts -- d. Close Connection and Mandatory Rules -- e. The Closest Connection as a Tiebreaker -- f. The Closest Connection as a Pointer in Cases Involving a Federal or Other Plurilegal State -- g. The Closest Connection as a Gap-Filler for Unprovided-For Cases -- B. Other Soft Connecting Factors -- Section 4. Escape Clauses -- A. General Escapes -- B. Specific Escapes -- 1. Escapes Based on the "Closer Connection" -- 2. Escapes Based On Other Factors -- C. Assessment of Escapes -- 1. Too Much Geography, Too Little Principle -- 2. Issue-by-Issue Deployment -- Section 5. The Movement toward Flexibility -- A. The Perennial Tension -- B. The American Overreaction -- C. Corrective Action -- D. A Cautious Evolution -- E. Codification and Flexibility -- Section 6. Conclusions -- Chapter VIII. The Narrowing of Legal Categories -- Section 1. The Classical Model: "Legal Relations" -- Section 2. American Developments -- A. From Broad Categories to Issues -- B. Issue-by-Issue Analysis -- C. Dépeçage -- 1. What Is Dépeçage? -- 2. What Dépeçage Is Not -- 3. In the Abstract, Dépeçage is Neither Good nor Bad -- 4. Occasionally, Dépeçage Is Problematic -- 5. Dépeçage in Practice.

Section 3. Not "Only in America": Dépeçage in Codified PIL Systems -- Section 4. Dépeçage in the Rome Convention and the Rome Regulations -- A. Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation -- B. Rome II -- Section 5. Dépeçage in Other Modern Codifications -- A. Statutory and Voluntary Dépeçage -- 1. Contracts -- a. Statutory Dépeçage -- b. Voluntary Dépeçage -- 2. Torts -- 3. Marriage -- 4. Matrimonial Property Regimes -- 5. Successions -- 6. Trusts -- B. Judicial Dépeçage -- 1. Preliminary or Incidental Question -- 2. Ordre Public -- 3. Mandatory Rules -- 4. Escape Clauses -- Section 6. Conclusions -- Chapter IX. Party Autonomy -- Section 1. Introduction -- Section 2. The History of Party Autonomy -- A. An Example from Antiquity -- B. The Parties' Implied Intention and the Lex Loci Solutionis -- C. Party Autonomy as an a Priori Rule: Mancini -- D. Legislative Endorsements in the Nineteenth Century -- E. The First Half of the Twentieth Century -- F. The Subsequent Triumph and Contemporary Dominance of Party Autonomy -- Section 3. The Scope of Party Autonomy -- A. Exemptions from Scope -- B. Contractual and Non-Contractual Issues -- C. Substantive vs Procedural Law -- D. Substantive Law vs PIL -- E. State Law vs Non-State Norms -- Section 4. Limitations to Party Autonomy within its Delineated Scope -- A. Determining the Lex Limitativa -- 1. Group 1: Lex Fori (Exclusively) -- 2. Group 2: The Lex Causae (Primarily) -- 3. Group 3: Intermediate Solutions and Combinations -- a. Rome I -- b. Other Systems -- c. The Hague Principles -- B. The Triggering Thresholds and Gradations of Limitations to Party Autonomy -- 1. The Ordre Public of the Lex Fori -- 2. The "Overriding" Mandatory Rules of the Lex Fori -- 3. The Public Policy of the Lex Causae -- 4. The "Simple" Mandatory Rules -- 5. No Threshold -- Section 5. Conclusions.

Chapter X. The Challenge of the Internet.

This book compares the two golden ages of private international law (PIL): the first is the era of Story and Savigny in the nineteenth century, while the second comprises the last fifty years. The period between 1970 and 2020 has been one of rapid changes and dense legislative responses, exemplified by the adoption of over one hundred national PIL codifications and almost as many international or regional conventions and regulations. These instruments provide a rich source for this book's incisive and instructive comparisons and a fertile ground for a reliable assessment of the progress of PIL as a discipline. This book skillfully uncovers and meticulously documents the gradual--and largely unnoticed--transition of PIL from the idealism of the nineteenth century to the pragmatic eclecticism and pluralism of the twenty-first century.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.