Sherlock's Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface to the Thirteenth Edition -- Prefaceto the First Edition -- Chapter 1 Anatomy and Function -- Development of the liver and bile ducts -- Anatomy of the liver -- Functional liver anatomy: sectors and segments -- Anatomical abnormalities of the liver -- Anatomy of the biliary tract (Fig. 1.6) -- Surface marking (Fig. 1.7, Fig. 1.8) -- Methods of examination -- Microanatomy of the liver -- Hepatic ultrastructure (electron microscopy) and organelle functions -- Hepatocytes (Fig. 1.14, Fig. 1.15, Fig. 1.16, Fig. 1.17) -- Sinusoidal cells -- Bile duct epithelial cells -- Functional heterogeneity of the liver (Fig. 1.20) -- Dynamics of the hepatic microenvironment in physiology and disease (Fig. 1.21) -- Hepatocyte death and regeneration (Fig. 1.22) -- Cell death -- Regeneration -- References -- Chapter 2 Liver Function in Health and Disease: Clinical Application of Liver Tests -- Bilirubin metabolism (see Chapter 13) -- Laboratory measurement of bilirubin -- Bile acids -- Bile acid metabolism -- Bile acids in health and disease -- Measurement of serum bile acids -- Changes in serum bile acids -- Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism -- Lipids -- Lipoproteins -- Changes in liver disease -- Amino acid metabolism -- Plasma proteins -- Carbohydrate metabolism -- Markers of hepatocellular injury: the serum transaminases -- Elevated transaminases -- Markers of cholestasis: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) -- Elevated ALP and/or GGT -- Haematology in liver disease -- Anaemia -- Effects of ageing on the liver -- References -- Chapter 3 Biopsy of the Liver -- Selection and preparation of the patient -- Informed consent -- Techniques -- After care -- Number of passes -- Risks and complications -- Pleurisy and perihepatitis -- Haemorrhage (Fig. 3.5).

Intrahepatic haematomas -- Haemobilia -- Arteriovenous fistula -- Biliary peritonitis -- Puncture of other organs -- Infection -- Carcinoid crisis -- Sampling variability -- Naked-eye appearances -- Preparation of the specimen -- Interpretation: a stepwise diagnostic approach -- Indications (Table 3.4) [5] -- Special methods [34] -- References -- Chapter 4 Coagulation in Cirrhosis -- Introduction -- Normal coagulation pathways: a hepatologist's perspective -- The coagulation system in cirrhosis -- Bleeding and thrombosis in cirrhosis -- Bleeding -- Prophylaxis and therapy for bleeding in cirrhosis -- Thrombosis -- Medical prophylaxis and therapy for thrombosis in cirrhosis -- Clinical laboratory tests of the coagulation system in cirrhosis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Acute Liver Failure -- Definition -- Epidemiology and aetiologies (Fig. 5.1, Table 5.1) -- Viral hepatitis -- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) -- Other aetiologies -- Clinical features -- Distinction from chronic liver disease -- Initial investigations -- Laboratory (Table 5.3) -- Abdominal imaging and liver biopsy -- Complications and management of acute liver failure -- Hepatic encephalopathy -- Cerebral oedema and intracranial hypertension -- Coagulopathy -- Metabolic derangements -- Infection -- Renal -- Haemodynamic changes -- Gastrointestinal bleeding -- Pulmonary complications -- Acute pancreatitis -- Specific therapies -- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) hepatotoxicity -- Mushroom poisoning -- Hepatitis B -- Herpes simplex virus -- Autoimmune hepatitis -- Pregnancy -- Wilson disease -- Prognosis -- Liver transplantation (Chapter 37) -- Indications -- Contraindications -- Intraoperative and postoperative care -- Outcomes -- Other modes of liver support -- Auxiliary liver transplantation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Hepatic Fibrogenesis -- Introduction.

Natural history of hepatic fibrosis -- Cellular and molecular features of hepatic fibrosis (Fig. 6.2) -- Cellular anatomy of sinusoids -- Extracellular matrix composition in normal liver and hepatic scar tissue: functional and biologic roles -- Cellular sources of extracellular matrix in normal and fibrotic liver -- Stellate cell activation: a central feature of hepatic fibrosis -- Stellate cell activation -- Local interactions influencing fibrogenesis -- Matrix production (fibrogenesis) and degradation (fibrinolysis) (Fig. 6.5) -- Clinical aspects of hepatic fibrosis -- Emerging antifibrotic targets and strategies -- References -- Chapter 7 Non-invasive Assessment of Fibrosis and Cirrhosis -- Introduction -- The use of invasive and non‐invasive tests -- Liver biopsy -- Hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement -- Non-invasive testing -- Non-invasive tests: specifics -- Serum markers of fibrosis -- Liver stiffness measurement -- Spleen stiffness measurement -- Molecular imaging -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Hepatic Cirrhosis -- Definition -- Causes of cirrhosis -- Cirrhosis and cofactors (Fig. 8.2) -- Anatomical diagnosis -- Reversible cirrhosis -- Clinical cirrhosis: compensated versus decompensated -- Compensated cirrhosis -- Decompensated cirrhosis -- Prognosis (Child-Pugh score, MELD, UKELD) -- Clinical and pathological associations -- Vasodilation and hyperdynamic circulation -- Cardiopulmonary conditions -- Gastrointestinal -- Renal -- Foetor hepaticus -- Skin changes -- Endocrine changes -- Muscle cramps -- Drug metabolism -- Laboratory findings -- Infections -- Management -- General -- Specific -- Precipitating factors -- Nutrition -- Surgical procedures [51] -- Acute-on-chronic liver failure -- Diagnostic criteria for ACLF -- Prognosis and course of ACLF -- Pathophysiological basis of ACLF -- The organs in ACLF.

The PIRO concept and approach to treatment -- Declaration of interest -- References -- Chapter 9 Ascites -- Mechanisms of ascites formation -- Sinusoidal hypertension -- Sodium retention -- Vasodilation theory (Fig. 9.3) -- Circulation of ascites -- Summary -- Clinical features -- Symptoms -- Examination -- Associated conditions -- Ascitic fluid -- Radiological features -- Differential diagnosis -- Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (Table 9.3) -- Prognosis -- Treatment -- Prophylaxis -- Treatment of cirrhotic ascites -- Sodium restriction/diet -- Diuretics -- Complications -- Follow-up advice -- Therapeutic (large-volume) abdominal paracentesis -- Summary (Table 9.6) -- Hyponatraemia -- Mechanism -- Treatment -- Summary (Table 9.7) -- Refractory ascites -- Treatment (Table 9.8) -- Therapeutic paracentesis -- Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) -- Peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt -- Hepatorenal syndrome -- Diagnostic criteria (Table 9.9) -- Mechanism -- Clinical features -- Differential diagnosis (Table 9.10) -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Summary -- Prognosis -- References -- Chapter 10 Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis -- Clinical Features [1-3] -- Classification [2,4] -- Episodic/recurrent hepatic encephalopathy -- Persistent hepatic encephalopathy -- Minimal hepatic encephalopathy -- Prevalence and consequences -- Diagnosis [30] -- Neurological examination including mental state assessment [31] -- Psychometric performance [30,34] -- Electroencephalography [30,37] -- Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency -- Inhibitory Control Test -- Scan test -- Stroop test -- Cerebral magnetic resonance [50,51] -- Blood ammonia -- Cerebrospinal fluid -- Neuropathology [1,56] -- Choice of diagnostic variables [2,4,30] -- Diagnostic comorbidities, confounders, and alternatives -- Pathogenesis -- Key concepts and contributors.

A unified hypothesis (Fig. 10.12) -- Management [4] -- General considerations -- Specific measures -- Potential future therapeutic options -- Prevention [4] -- References -- Chapter 11 Portal Hypertension in Cirrhosis -- Introduction -- The syndrome: definition, classification, and aetiology -- Relevance -- Anatomy of the portal system and formation of portosystemic collaterals -- Pathology of portal hypertension -- Pathophysiology and rational basis of therapy -- Increased hepatic vascular resistance -- Formation of collaterals and varices -- Increased splanchnic blood flow and hyperkinetic circulation -- Evaluation and diagnosis -- Measurement of portal pressure -- Non-invasive assessment and techniques -- Endoscopy -- Natural history and prognosis -- Management -- Therapeutic tools -- Treatment of portal hypertension according to clinical scenarios -- Compensated patients without varices -- Compensated patients with varices -- Acute bleeding episode -- Treatment of patients who fail standard therapy ('rescue therapy') -- Acute bleeding from gastric varices -- Prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding (treatment of patients who survived an episode of variceal bleeding) -- Secondary prophylaxis in special situations -- References -- Chapter 12 Vascular Disorders of the Liver and Extrahepatic Portal Hypertension -- Hepatic artery occlusion -- Causes -- Pathophysiology -- Diagnosis -- Management -- Aneurysms of the hepatic artery -- Aetiology -- Manifestations -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Hepatic arterioportal fistula -- Aetiology -- Manifestations -- Diagnosis -- Management -- Hepatic vascular malformations in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia -- Aetiology -- Pathophysiology -- Manifestations -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Congenital portosystemic shunts - Abernethy malformation -- Causes -- Pathophysiology -- Manifestations -- Diagnosis.

Treatment.

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