Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge.

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of acronyms -- Executive Summary -- What are the causes and impacts of non-exhaust emissions? -- What is the current situation and how will it evolve with the uptake of electric vehicles? -- How should policymakers address non-exhaust emissions? -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The relevance of non-exhaust emissions for public policy -- 1.2. The objectives of this report -- 1.3. Key findings on the drivers, impacts, and policy responses to non-exhaust emissions -- The drivers and impacts of non-exhaust emissions -- How non-exhaust emissions will develop in future years -- Policy responses to non-exhaust emissions -- Next steps to address non-exhaust emissions -- Navigating the report -- References -- 2. The causes and consequences of non-exhaust emissions from road transport -- 2.1. Defining non-exhaust emissions -- 2.1.1. Brake wear -- 2.1.2. Tyre wear -- 2.1.3. Road wear -- 2.1.4. Road dust resuspension -- 2.2. Approaches to measuring non-exhaust emissions -- 2.2.1. Emission estimates -- Emission factors -- Inverse modelling -- Simulator studies -- Emission inventories -- 2.2.2. Source apportionment -- Standard -- Receptor models -- Dispersion or Chemistry Transport models (CTM) -- 2.3. The growing importance of non-exhaust emissions for air pollution -- 2.3.1. Emission inventories -- Europe -- United States -- Latin America -- Mexico -- Bogota -- Santiago -- 2.3.2. Source apportionment studies -- 2.4. The negative consequences of exposure to non-exhaust emissions -- 2.4.1. Elements -- 2.4.2. Source contributions -- 2.4.3. Impacts of non-exhaust emissions on mortality -- Short-term effects -- Long-term effects -- 2.4.4. Impact of non-exhaust emissions on morbidity and cognitive development -- Short-term effects -- Long-term effects -- 2.5. The causes of non-exhaust emissions -- 2.5.1. Brake wear.

Rotor temperature -- Sliding speed, deceleration and contact pressure -- Vehicle weight -- Brake pad type -- 2.5.2. Tyre and road wear -- Vehicle weight -- Speed and acceleration/deceleration -- Tyre type and properties -- Road pavement properties -- 2.5.3. Road dust resuspension -- Speed and acceleration -- Vehicle size/type -- Road dust loading -- Porous pavements -- Vehicle underside -- Weather conditions -- 2.6. Implications for policy -- References -- 3. The implications of electric vehicle uptake for non-exhaust emissions -- 3.1. Evidence on the impact of electric vehicle use on particulate emissions -- 3.1.1. Impacts on particulate emissions levels -- 3.1.2. Determinants of PM emissions impacts -- Vehicle weight -- Regenerative braking -- Road dust resuspension -- Secondary aerosols -- 3.2. Calculating primary and secondary PM from exhaust -- Primary PM emissions -- Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) formation -- Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation -- 3.3. Calculating primary PM from non-exhaust sources -- Internal combustion engine vehicles -- Battery electric vehicles -- 3.4. Particulate matter emitted by conventional and electric vehicles -- 3.4.1. Total PM emission factors -- 3.4.2. Non-exhaust PM emission factors -- 3.4.3. Projections of particulate emissions from non-exhaust sources -- 3.4.4. Influencing factors and implications for policy -- References -- 4. Policy responses to tackle particulate matter from non-exhaust emissions -- 4.1. Review of existing measures that reduce non-exhaust emissions -- 4.1.1. Reducing vehicle kilometres travelled -- 4.1.2. Improving emission factors -- Regulatory measures -- Vehicle lightweighting and HDV weight limitations -- Brake and tyre manufacturing regulations -- Trace and heavy metals content restrictions -- Asbestos bans -- Studded tyre restrictions -- Available technologies.

Regenerative braking systems -- Friction braking systems -- Brake disc composition, coating and treatment -- Gray cast iron disc coatings -- Treatments for gray cast iron rotor discs -- Aluminum Brake Discs -- Ceramic Brake Discs -- Titanium Brake Discs -- Brake pad composition -- Brake dust capturing systems -- Driver Assistance Systems -- Local-level traffic and road management measures -- Traffic flow measures -- Measures to reduce road dust resuspension -- Street sweeping -- Street washing -- 4.2. New strategies to target non-exhaust emissions -- 4.2.1. Reducing vehicle kilometres travelled -- 4.2.2. Improving emission factors -- 4.3. Knowledge gaps and an agenda for future research -- 4.3.1. Measuring and sourcing non-exhaust emissions -- 4.3.2. Measuring and valuing the damages caused by non-exhaust emissions -- 4.3.3. Designing effective mitigation measures to reduce emission factors and vehicle kilometres driven -- 4.4. Implications for policy -- References.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.