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Address Variation in Sociocultural Context : Region, Power and Distance in Italian Service Encounters.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: Topics in Address Research SeriesPublisher: Amsterdam/Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2021Copyright date: ©2021Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (314 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9789027260307
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Address Variation in Sociocultural ContextDDC classification:
  • 306.440945
LOC classification:
  • P40.5.F672
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Address Variation in Sociocultural Context -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Theory behind address practices -- 1.1 Key concepts -- 1.1.1 Image -- 1.1.2 Common ground and closeness -- 1.1.3 Social distance -- 1.1.4 Power -- 1.1.5 Respect -- 1.1.6 Enhancing the interlocutor's image -- 1.1.7 Accommodation principle -- 1.1.8 Cultural context and situational context -- 1.1.9 Community of practice -- 1.2 Common practice -- 1.2.1 Competing practices in interactional contexts -- 1.2.2 Evolving practices in cultural changes -- 1.3 Practices as expression of identity -- 1.3.1 Personal and community preferences -- 1.3.2 Style and identity -- 1.3.3 Images, roles, and identity -- 1.4 An account of identity from sociocultural linguistics -- 1.4.1 Basic demographic level -- 1.4.2 Cultural and linguistic level -- 1.4.3 Situational and interactional level -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. Cultural and linguistic context of Italy -- 2.1 Regional cultures and identities -- 2.1.1 Development of Italian regional identities -- 2.1.2 What are Italian regions? -- 2.1.3 Some cultural models in post-war Italy -- 2.1.4 Macro-regions: North and south (and centre) -- 2.1.5 Italian regions in this study -- 2.2 Languages and dialects in Italy -- 2.2.1 Relationship between language and dialect in contemporary Italy -- 2.2.2 The case of the Sardinian language -- 2.2.3 Official data on reported dialect use -- 2.2.4 Regional varieties of Italian -- 2.2.5 Social prestige attached to varieties of Italian -- 2.3 Geography in studies on Italian address -- 2.3.1 Italy presented as one geographical area -- 2.3.2 Italy presented in macro-regions -- 2.3.3 Italy presented in smaller regions -- 2.3.4 Information about one geographical location -- 2.3.4.1 Survey-based studies.
2.3.4.2 Corpus-based and ethnographic studies -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 3. Situational and interactional context of restaurant encounters -- 3.1 Service encounters -- 3.1.1 Interlocutors' roles in service encounters -- 3.1.2 Power dynamics in commercial service encounters -- 3.1.2.1 Power of the customer -- 3.1.2.2 Power of the service provider -- 3.1.2.3 Collaboration between customer and service provider -- 3.1.3 Balance between closeness and respectful distance -- 3.1.3.1 Perception of imbalance between closeness and distance -- 3.2 Address in Italian service encounters -- 3.2.1 Survey-based studies -- 3.2.2 Corpus-based studies -- 3.3 Restaurant encounters -- 3.3.1 Restaurant levels and language variation -- 3.3.2 Restaurant levels and types in Italy -- 3.3.3 Definition of restaurant levels in this study -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 4. Research design -- 4.1 Preliminary considerations -- 4.2 Research questions -- 4.3 Research hypotheses -- 4.3.1 Research sites and a detailed hypothesis on regional variation -- 4.3.1.1 Emilia -- 4.3.1.2 Umbria -- 4.3.1.3 Lazio -- 4.3.1.4 Salento -- 4.3.1.5 Sardinia -- 4.3.2 Summary of dialect resources -- 4.3.3 Summary of expected regional variation -- 4.4 Data collection: Overview -- 4.5 Quantitative data collection and analysis -- 4.5.1 Online questionnaire -- 4.5.2 Quantitative sample -- 4.5.3 Main items used for statistical analysis -- 4.5.4 Procedure for statistical analysis -- 4.5.4.1 Chi-square test -- 4.5.4.2 Effect size measurement -- 4.5.4.3 Collapsing categories -- 4.5.4.4 Overview of all three pronouns -- 4.5.4.5 Non-reciprocity -- 4.6 Qualitative data collection -- 4.6.1 Individual interviews -- 4.6.2 Focus groups -- 4.6.3 Direct observation -- 4.6.4 Analysis of qualitative data -- 4.7 Conclusions -- 5. Overview of results -- 5.1 Reported use of tu, voi, and lei -- 5.1.1 Receiving tu, voi, and lei.
5.1.2 Giving tu, voi, and lei -- 5.1.3 Reciprocity and non-reciprocity -- 5.2 Overview of variables -- 5.2.1 Age -- 5.2.2 Gender -- 5.2.3 Education and social class -- 5.2.4 Geographical origin -- 5.2.5 Geographical location: Size of town -- 5.2.6 Style of waiter -- 5.2.7 Level of restaurant -- 5.2.8 Degree of acquaintance and regularity of contact -- 5.2.9 Role of the waiter -- 5.2.10 Type of area where the restaurant is located -- 5.2.11 Accommodation principle -- 5.2.12 Other factors -- 5.2.13 The emotional variable -- 5.2.14 Personal preferences -- 5.3 Variables recognised as influential -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 6. Regional variation -- 6.1 Receiving tu, voi, and lei in the five regions of Italy -- 6.1.1 Receiving tu -- 6.1.2 Receiving voi -- 6.1.3 Receiving lei -- 6.1.4 Overview of receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 6.2 Giving tu, voi, and lei in the five regions of Italy -- 6.2.1 Giving tu -- 6.2.2 Giving voi -- 6.2.3 Giving lei -- 6.2.4 Overview of giving tu, voi, and lei -- 6.3 Qualitative data and discussion -- 6.3.1 Regional variation in reported use of voi -- 6.3.2 Relative ranking of tu and lei linked to non-reciprocity -- 6.3.2.1 Waiters addressing customers with tu in Lazio -- 6.3.2.2 Customers addressing waiters with tu in Umbria -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 7. Age variation -- 7.1 Age and reported receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 7.1.1 Age and receiving tu -- 7.1.2 Age and receiving voi -- 7.1.3 Age and receiving lei -- 7.1.4 Age and overview of receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 7.2 Age and reported giving tu, voi, and lei -- 7.2.1 Age and giving tu -- 7.2.2 Age and giving voi -- 7.2.3 Age and giving lei -- 7.2.4 Age and overview of giving tu, voi, and lei -- 7.3 Issues with statistical analysis of age variation -- 7.4 Qualitative data and discussion -- 7.4.1 Competing and evolving practices -- 7.4.2 Lei as offensive: Feeling old.
7.4.3 Threshold between tu and lei -- 7.4.4 Age and reported non-reciprocal address -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 8. Restaurant levels -- 8.1 Customers of high-level restaurants -- 8.1.1 High-level restaurants and reported receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 8.1.2 High-level restaurants and reported giving tu, voi, and lei -- 8.2 Customers of low-level restaurants -- 8.2.1 Low-level restaurants and reported receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 8.2.2 Low-level restaurants and reported giving tu, voi, and lei -- 8.3 Summary of statistical results -- 8.4 Qualitative data and discussion -- 8.4.1 Address practices reported in different levels of restaurants -- 8.4.1.1 Combination of restaurant level and age -- 8.4.1.2 Combination of restaurant level and accommodation principle -- 8.4.1.3 Low-level restaurants and transition from V to T address -- 8.4.2 Humour, dialect, swearwords, and flirting in low-level restaurants -- 8.4.3 Consistency, mingling, and subjectivity of levels -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 9. Case study 1 -- 9.1 Literature review on singular voi -- 9.1.1 Encyclopedias and grammars -- 9.1.2 Voi in southern Italy -- 9.1.3 Voi in northern and central Italy -- 9.1.4 Social class and age: Some inconsistencies -- 9.1.5 Summary of voi uses -- 9.2 Quantitative data -- 9.2.1 Address pronouns in Salento: Overview -- 9.2.2 Voi and age -- 9.2.3 Voi and gender -- 9.2.4 Voi and level of restaurant -- 9.3 Qualitative data and discussion -- 9.3.1 Voi to address the elderly -- 9.3.2 Voi and distance: The perceived difference between voi and lei -- 9.3.3 Voi as a non-local practice -- 9.3.4 Voi as an involuntary practice -- 9.3.5 Gender in Salento: Using voi as a protection? -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 10. Case study 2 -- 10.1 Reported receiving tu, voi, and lei in two dialect areas of Umbria -- 10.2 Reported giving tu, voi, and lei in two dialect areas of Umbria.
10.3 Qualitative data and discussion -- 10.3.1 Affiliation of north-western varieties with Tuscany -- 10.3.2 South-eastern Umbria: Between stigma and prestige -- 10.3.3 Tourism and cultural values -- 10.4 Conclusions -- 11. Discussion -- 11.1 Discussion of regional variation -- 11.1.1 Comparison of hypotheses with findings on regional variation -- 11.1.2 Sardinia: Preference for distance -- 11.1.3 Salento: Complexity -- 11.1.4 Emilia: Egalitarianism and importance of youthfulness -- 11.1.5 Lazio: Preference for closeness by Roman waiters -- 11.1.6 Umbria: Internal division and traditional non-reciprocity -- 11.1.6.1 Discussion of statistical data -- 11.1.6.2 Potential impact of stigma and underreporting of traditional non-­reciprocity in SE Umbria -- 11.1.6.3 North-western Umbria as a potential stronghold of traditional non-reciprocity -- 11.1.7 Perceptions of northern, central, and southern address practices -- 11.1.8 Exportability of address pronouns across regions and macro-regions -- 11.2 Gender and flirting -- 11.3 Power dynamics and roles -- 11.4 Competing practices, avoidance strategies, and the ambiguity of voi -- 12. Conclusions -- 12.1 Introducing Italian to regional pragmatic variation -- 12.2 Italian regions as communities of address practice -- 12.3 Future directions -- References -- Appendix A. Questionnaire -- Appendix B. Questionnaire -- Appendix C. Characteristics of restaurant levels and customers' expectations -- Index.
Summary: This study looks at the sociocultural context of address variation in spoken Italian, with a focus on singular pronouns tu, voi and lei. It offers a thorough examination of distance and power dynamics in service encounters in five Italian regions, and marks the introduction of Italian to the field of regional pragmatic variation.
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Intro -- Address Variation in Sociocultural Context -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Theory behind address practices -- 1.1 Key concepts -- 1.1.1 Image -- 1.1.2 Common ground and closeness -- 1.1.3 Social distance -- 1.1.4 Power -- 1.1.5 Respect -- 1.1.6 Enhancing the interlocutor's image -- 1.1.7 Accommodation principle -- 1.1.8 Cultural context and situational context -- 1.1.9 Community of practice -- 1.2 Common practice -- 1.2.1 Competing practices in interactional contexts -- 1.2.2 Evolving practices in cultural changes -- 1.3 Practices as expression of identity -- 1.3.1 Personal and community preferences -- 1.3.2 Style and identity -- 1.3.3 Images, roles, and identity -- 1.4 An account of identity from sociocultural linguistics -- 1.4.1 Basic demographic level -- 1.4.2 Cultural and linguistic level -- 1.4.3 Situational and interactional level -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. Cultural and linguistic context of Italy -- 2.1 Regional cultures and identities -- 2.1.1 Development of Italian regional identities -- 2.1.2 What are Italian regions? -- 2.1.3 Some cultural models in post-war Italy -- 2.1.4 Macro-regions: North and south (and centre) -- 2.1.5 Italian regions in this study -- 2.2 Languages and dialects in Italy -- 2.2.1 Relationship between language and dialect in contemporary Italy -- 2.2.2 The case of the Sardinian language -- 2.2.3 Official data on reported dialect use -- 2.2.4 Regional varieties of Italian -- 2.2.5 Social prestige attached to varieties of Italian -- 2.3 Geography in studies on Italian address -- 2.3.1 Italy presented as one geographical area -- 2.3.2 Italy presented in macro-regions -- 2.3.3 Italy presented in smaller regions -- 2.3.4 Information about one geographical location -- 2.3.4.1 Survey-based studies.

2.3.4.2 Corpus-based and ethnographic studies -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 3. Situational and interactional context of restaurant encounters -- 3.1 Service encounters -- 3.1.1 Interlocutors' roles in service encounters -- 3.1.2 Power dynamics in commercial service encounters -- 3.1.2.1 Power of the customer -- 3.1.2.2 Power of the service provider -- 3.1.2.3 Collaboration between customer and service provider -- 3.1.3 Balance between closeness and respectful distance -- 3.1.3.1 Perception of imbalance between closeness and distance -- 3.2 Address in Italian service encounters -- 3.2.1 Survey-based studies -- 3.2.2 Corpus-based studies -- 3.3 Restaurant encounters -- 3.3.1 Restaurant levels and language variation -- 3.3.2 Restaurant levels and types in Italy -- 3.3.3 Definition of restaurant levels in this study -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 4. Research design -- 4.1 Preliminary considerations -- 4.2 Research questions -- 4.3 Research hypotheses -- 4.3.1 Research sites and a detailed hypothesis on regional variation -- 4.3.1.1 Emilia -- 4.3.1.2 Umbria -- 4.3.1.3 Lazio -- 4.3.1.4 Salento -- 4.3.1.5 Sardinia -- 4.3.2 Summary of dialect resources -- 4.3.3 Summary of expected regional variation -- 4.4 Data collection: Overview -- 4.5 Quantitative data collection and analysis -- 4.5.1 Online questionnaire -- 4.5.2 Quantitative sample -- 4.5.3 Main items used for statistical analysis -- 4.5.4 Procedure for statistical analysis -- 4.5.4.1 Chi-square test -- 4.5.4.2 Effect size measurement -- 4.5.4.3 Collapsing categories -- 4.5.4.4 Overview of all three pronouns -- 4.5.4.5 Non-reciprocity -- 4.6 Qualitative data collection -- 4.6.1 Individual interviews -- 4.6.2 Focus groups -- 4.6.3 Direct observation -- 4.6.4 Analysis of qualitative data -- 4.7 Conclusions -- 5. Overview of results -- 5.1 Reported use of tu, voi, and lei -- 5.1.1 Receiving tu, voi, and lei.

5.1.2 Giving tu, voi, and lei -- 5.1.3 Reciprocity and non-reciprocity -- 5.2 Overview of variables -- 5.2.1 Age -- 5.2.2 Gender -- 5.2.3 Education and social class -- 5.2.4 Geographical origin -- 5.2.5 Geographical location: Size of town -- 5.2.6 Style of waiter -- 5.2.7 Level of restaurant -- 5.2.8 Degree of acquaintance and regularity of contact -- 5.2.9 Role of the waiter -- 5.2.10 Type of area where the restaurant is located -- 5.2.11 Accommodation principle -- 5.2.12 Other factors -- 5.2.13 The emotional variable -- 5.2.14 Personal preferences -- 5.3 Variables recognised as influential -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 6. Regional variation -- 6.1 Receiving tu, voi, and lei in the five regions of Italy -- 6.1.1 Receiving tu -- 6.1.2 Receiving voi -- 6.1.3 Receiving lei -- 6.1.4 Overview of receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 6.2 Giving tu, voi, and lei in the five regions of Italy -- 6.2.1 Giving tu -- 6.2.2 Giving voi -- 6.2.3 Giving lei -- 6.2.4 Overview of giving tu, voi, and lei -- 6.3 Qualitative data and discussion -- 6.3.1 Regional variation in reported use of voi -- 6.3.2 Relative ranking of tu and lei linked to non-reciprocity -- 6.3.2.1 Waiters addressing customers with tu in Lazio -- 6.3.2.2 Customers addressing waiters with tu in Umbria -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 7. Age variation -- 7.1 Age and reported receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 7.1.1 Age and receiving tu -- 7.1.2 Age and receiving voi -- 7.1.3 Age and receiving lei -- 7.1.4 Age and overview of receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 7.2 Age and reported giving tu, voi, and lei -- 7.2.1 Age and giving tu -- 7.2.2 Age and giving voi -- 7.2.3 Age and giving lei -- 7.2.4 Age and overview of giving tu, voi, and lei -- 7.3 Issues with statistical analysis of age variation -- 7.4 Qualitative data and discussion -- 7.4.1 Competing and evolving practices -- 7.4.2 Lei as offensive: Feeling old.

7.4.3 Threshold between tu and lei -- 7.4.4 Age and reported non-reciprocal address -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 8. Restaurant levels -- 8.1 Customers of high-level restaurants -- 8.1.1 High-level restaurants and reported receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 8.1.2 High-level restaurants and reported giving tu, voi, and lei -- 8.2 Customers of low-level restaurants -- 8.2.1 Low-level restaurants and reported receiving tu, voi, and lei -- 8.2.2 Low-level restaurants and reported giving tu, voi, and lei -- 8.3 Summary of statistical results -- 8.4 Qualitative data and discussion -- 8.4.1 Address practices reported in different levels of restaurants -- 8.4.1.1 Combination of restaurant level and age -- 8.4.1.2 Combination of restaurant level and accommodation principle -- 8.4.1.3 Low-level restaurants and transition from V to T address -- 8.4.2 Humour, dialect, swearwords, and flirting in low-level restaurants -- 8.4.3 Consistency, mingling, and subjectivity of levels -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 9. Case study 1 -- 9.1 Literature review on singular voi -- 9.1.1 Encyclopedias and grammars -- 9.1.2 Voi in southern Italy -- 9.1.3 Voi in northern and central Italy -- 9.1.4 Social class and age: Some inconsistencies -- 9.1.5 Summary of voi uses -- 9.2 Quantitative data -- 9.2.1 Address pronouns in Salento: Overview -- 9.2.2 Voi and age -- 9.2.3 Voi and gender -- 9.2.4 Voi and level of restaurant -- 9.3 Qualitative data and discussion -- 9.3.1 Voi to address the elderly -- 9.3.2 Voi and distance: The perceived difference between voi and lei -- 9.3.3 Voi as a non-local practice -- 9.3.4 Voi as an involuntary practice -- 9.3.5 Gender in Salento: Using voi as a protection? -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 10. Case study 2 -- 10.1 Reported receiving tu, voi, and lei in two dialect areas of Umbria -- 10.2 Reported giving tu, voi, and lei in two dialect areas of Umbria.

10.3 Qualitative data and discussion -- 10.3.1 Affiliation of north-western varieties with Tuscany -- 10.3.2 South-eastern Umbria: Between stigma and prestige -- 10.3.3 Tourism and cultural values -- 10.4 Conclusions -- 11. Discussion -- 11.1 Discussion of regional variation -- 11.1.1 Comparison of hypotheses with findings on regional variation -- 11.1.2 Sardinia: Preference for distance -- 11.1.3 Salento: Complexity -- 11.1.4 Emilia: Egalitarianism and importance of youthfulness -- 11.1.5 Lazio: Preference for closeness by Roman waiters -- 11.1.6 Umbria: Internal division and traditional non-reciprocity -- 11.1.6.1 Discussion of statistical data -- 11.1.6.2 Potential impact of stigma and underreporting of traditional non-­reciprocity in SE Umbria -- 11.1.6.3 North-western Umbria as a potential stronghold of traditional non-reciprocity -- 11.1.7 Perceptions of northern, central, and southern address practices -- 11.1.8 Exportability of address pronouns across regions and macro-regions -- 11.2 Gender and flirting -- 11.3 Power dynamics and roles -- 11.4 Competing practices, avoidance strategies, and the ambiguity of voi -- 12. Conclusions -- 12.1 Introducing Italian to regional pragmatic variation -- 12.2 Italian regions as communities of address practice -- 12.3 Future directions -- References -- Appendix A. Questionnaire -- Appendix B. Questionnaire -- Appendix C. Characteristics of restaurant levels and customers' expectations -- Index.

This study looks at the sociocultural context of address variation in spoken Italian, with a focus on singular pronouns tu, voi and lei. It offers a thorough examination of distance and power dynamics in service encounters in five Italian regions, and marks the introduction of Italian to the field of regional pragmatic variation.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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