Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater : Hazards and Policy Responses.

Cover -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Table of contents -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- Advances in monitoring can help close the knowledge gap and support policy responses -- Moving towards proactive policy action to curb pharmaceutical pollution -- OECD Policy Recommendations on addressing pharmaceutical residues in freshwater -- Cross-cutting recommendations -- Source-directed recommendations. Pharmaceutical life cycle stages: design, marketing authorisation, manufacturing, post-authorisation -- Use-orientated recommendations. Pharmaceutical life cycle stages: Prescription and use -- End-of-pipe recommendations. Pharmaceutical life cycle stages: collection and disposal, and wastewater treatment and reuse -- 1. Defining the challenge of managing pharmaceuticals in water -- 1.1. Key messages -- 1.2. Introduction -- 1.3. Origins, entry-pathways, sinks and concentration patterns of pharmaceuticals in the environment -- 1.3.1. A typology for pharmaceuticals in the environment -- 1.3.2. Sources and entry-pathways -- 1.3.3. Concentration patterns -- 1.3.4. Environmental sinks -- 1.3.5. Future projections on pharmaceuticals in the environment -- 1.4. Effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment on human and freshwater ecosystem health -- 1.4.1. Proven and potential adverse effects and costs -- 1.4.2. Pharmaceutical characteristics that affect environmental risks -- References -- Notes -- 2. Opportunities to build a policy-relevant knowledge base -- 2.1. Key messages -- 2.2. Environmental risk assessment and authorisation of pharmaceuticals -- 2.2.1. Introduction -- 2.2.2. Environmental risk assessment of new pharmaceuticals in practice -- 2.2.3. Concerns with current environment risk assessment of pharmaceuticals -- 2.3. Existing frameworks for monitoring pharmaceuticals in water.

2.4. Advances in water quality monitoring and potential benefits for risk assessments and water quality policy making -- 2.4.1. The value of integrating monitoring approaches -- 2.5. The added value of system modelling -- References -- Notes -- 3. Emerging policy instruments for the control of pharmaceuticals in water -- 3.1. Key messages -- 3.2. Introduction -- 3.3. Source-directed approaches -- 3.3.1. Environmental quality norms and water quality standards -- 3.3.2. Green pharmacy -- 3.3.3. Water safety planning -- 3.3.4. Good manufacturing practices, best available techniques and green public procurement -- 3.4. Use-orientated approaches -- 3.4.1. Health-care practices and consumer choices -- 3.4.2. Veterinary and agricultural practices -- 3.5. End-of-pipe measures -- 3.5.1. Upgrading wastewater treatment plants with advanced removal technologies -- 3.5.2. Pharmaceutical waste management and collection programmes -- References -- 4. Recommendations for the management of pharmaceuticals in freshwater -- 4.1. Key messages: A life cycle, multi-sector approach to managing pharmaceutical residues in freshwater -- 4.2. A policy toolbox for a life cycle, multi-sector approach -- 4.3. The interlinkages between freshwater, pharmaceutical, and human and animal health policies -- 4.3.1. Improvements to environmental risk assessment and marketing authorisation of pharmaceuticals -- 4.3.2. Overcoming barriers to facilitate green pharmacy -- 4.3.3. Data sharing and institutional coordination to reduce the knowledge gaps -- 4.3.4. Decision- and policy-making under uncertainty -- 4.4. A life cycle, multi-sector approach: Experience from selected OECD countries -- 4.4.1. Germany: a multi-stakeholder dialogue to reduce contaminants of emerging concern in water -- 4.4.2. France: Priority actions to reduce pharmaceuticals in water and empower local stakeholders5.

4.4.3. Sweden: Increased consideration of the environmental risks of human pharmaceuticals -- 4.4.4. United Kingdom: A "whole catchment" approach to managing pharmaceuticals in the environment -- 4.4.5. The Netherlands: "Chain approach" to pharmaceutical residues in water -- 4.4.6. European Union: A Strategic Approach to Pharmaceuticals in the Environment -- References -- Notes -- Glossary.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.