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Handbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Milton : Taylor & Francis Group, 2020Copyright date: ©2020Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (561 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781351979801
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Handbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent VehiclesDDC classification:
  • 629.20460000000003
LOC classification:
  • TL152.8 .Fisher, Donald L.
  • 2020
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Key Points -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Definitions -- 1.2.1 Levels of Automation and Active Safety Systems -- 1.2.1.1 Levels of Automation -- 1.2.1.2 Active Safety Systems -- 1.2.2 Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles -- 1.2.2.1 Automated Vehicles -- 1.2.2.2 Connected Vehicles -- 1.2.2.3 Intelligent Vehicles -- 1.2.3 Operational Design Domain -- 1.3 The Handbook: A Quick Guide -- 1.3.1 The State of the Art: ACIVs (Chapter 2) -- 1.3.2 Issues in the Deployment of ACIVs (Problems) -- 1.3.2.1 Driver's Mental Model of Vehicle Automation (Chapter 3) -- 1.3.2.2 Driver Trust in ACIVs (Chapter 4) -- 1.3.2.3 Public Opinion about ACIVs (Chapter 5) -- 1.3.2.4 Workload, Distraction, and Automation (Chapter 6) -- 1.3.2.5 Situation Awareness in Driving (Chapter 7) -- 1.3.2.6 Allocation of Function to Humans and Automation and the Transfer of Control (Chapter 8) -- 1.3.2.7 Driver Fitness in the Resumption of Control (Chapter 9) -- 1.3.2.8 Driver Capabilities in the Resumption of Control (Chapter 10) -- 1.3.2.9 Driver State Monitoring for Decreased Fitness to Drive (Chapter 11) -- 1.3.2.10 Behavioral Adaptation (Chapter 12) -- 1.3.2.11 Distributed Situation Awareness (Chapter 13) -- 1.3.2.12 Human Factors Issues in the Regulation of Deployment (Chapter 14) -- 1.3.3 Human-Centered Design of ACIVs (Solutions) -- 1.3.3.1 HMI Design for ACIVs (Chapter 15) -- 1.3.3.2 HMI Design for Fitness Impaired Populations (Chapter 16) -- 1.3.3.3 Automated Vehicle Design for People with Disabilities (Chapter 17) -- 1.3.3.4 Importance of Training for ACIVs (Chapter 18) -- 1.3.4 Special Topics -- 1.3.4.1 Connected Vehicles in a Connected World: A Sociotechnical Systems Perspective (Chapter 19).
1.3.4.2 Congestion and Carbon Emissions (Chapter 20) -- 1.3.4.3 Automation Lessons from Other Domains (Chapter 21) -- 1.3.5 Evaluation of ACIVs -- 1.3.5.1 Human Factors Considerations in Testing and Evaluating ACIVs (Chapter 22) -- 1.3.5.2 Techniques for Making Sense of Behavior in Complex Datasets (Chapter 23) -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Automated Driving: Decades of Research and Development Leading to Today's Commercial Systems -- Key Points -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Automated Driving: From Vision to the Launch of a New Industry in 70 Years -- 2.1.2 Advent of Active Safety Systems -- 2.1.3 Addressing Safe Testing and Deployment of Automated Driving -- 2.1.4 Pursuit of Nascent "Holy Grails" -- 2.2 Distinctions within SAE Levels of Automation -- 2.3 Automated Driving: Technology Basis -- 2.3.1 Understanding the World to Make Proper Driving Decisions -- 2.3.2 Perception, Mapping, and Localization -- 2.3.3 Motion Planning and Control -- 2.3.4 Artificial Intelligence -- 2.3.5 Off-Board Information Sources -- 2.3.6 Driver Monitoring as Key to Safety Case -- 2.3.7 Behavioral Competencies and Remote Support -- 2.3.8 Design and Test Processes to Ensure Safety -- 2.3.8.1 Functional Safety -- 2.3.8.2 Cybersecurity -- 2.3.8.3 ADS Validation Processes -- 2.4 Automated Driving Commercial Development and Deployment -- 2.4.1 Automated Fleet Services for Freight and Parcels -- 2.4.2 Automated Fleet Services for People -- 2.4.3 Private Ownership: Automation Features in Mass-Market Passenger Cars -- 2.5 Regulatory Considerations -- 2.6 Going Forward: ADS Implications for Human Factors -- References -- Chapter 3 Driver's Mental Model of Vehicle Automation -- Key Points -- 3.1 Importance and Relevance of Mental Models in Driving and Automation -- 3.2 Defining Mental Models -- 3.3 Mental Models under Uncertainty.
3.4 General and Applied Mental Models -- 3.5 Measurement of General and Applied Mental Models -- 3.6 Supporting Accurate and Complete Mental Models -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Driver Trust in Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles -- Key Points -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Trust and Types of Automation -- 4.3 Definition and Mechanisms Underlying Trust -- 4.4 Promoting Appropriate Trust in Vehicle Automation -- 4.4.1 Calibration and Resolution of Trust -- 4.4.2 Trustable Automation: Create Simple Use Situations and Automation Structure -- 4.4.3 Trustable Automation: Display Surface and Depth Indications of Capability -- 4.4.4 Trustable Automation: Enable Directable Automation and Trust Repair -- 4.4.5 Trustworthy Automation and Goal Alignment -- 4.5 Trust and Acceptance of Vehicle Technology -- 4.6 Ethical Considerations and the Teleology of Technology -- 4.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Public Opinion About Automated and Self-Driving Vehicles: An International Review -- Key Points -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overall Acceptability -- 5.2.1 Perceived Benefits -- 5.2.2 Perceived Concerns -- 5.2.3 Activities When Riding in an AV -- 5.3 Public Opinion Towards AVs as a Function of Sociodemographic Characteristics -- 5.4 Country Differences in Public Opinion Towards AVs -- 5.5 WTP for AVs -- 5.6 Acceptance of AVs after Experiencing the Technology -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 6 Workload, Distraction, and Automation -- Key Points -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Workload, Distraction, and Performance -- 6.2.1 Workload -- 6.2.1.1 Workload and the Yerkes-Dodson Law -- 6.2.1.2 Active Workload Management -- 6.2.2 Distraction -- 6.2.2.1 Distraction and Types of Inattention -- 6.2.2.2 The Process of Driver Distraction -- 6.2.3 Driver Workload and Driver Distraction -- 6.2.4 Summary.
6.3 Types of Automation and Workload Implications -- 6.3.1 Effect of Different Levels of Automation on Workload -- 6.3.2 The Interaction of Distraction, Workload, and Automation -- 6.3.2.1 Automation Creating Distraction Directly -- 6.3.2.2 Automation Creating Distraction Indirectly -- 6.3.2.3 The Interaction of Other Mechanisms of Inattention, Workload, and Automation -- 6.3.3 Summary -- 6.4 Managing Workload and Distraction in Automated Vehicles -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Situation Awareness in Driving -- Key Points -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 SA Requirements for Driving -- 7.3 SA Model -- 7.3.1 Individual Factors -- 7.3.1.1 Limited Attention -- 7.3.1.2 Limited Working Memory -- 7.3.1.3 Goal-Driven Processing Alternating with Data-Driven Processing -- 7.3.1.4 Long-Term Memory Stores -- 7.3.1.5 Expertise -- 7.3.1.6 Cognitive Automaticity -- 7.3.2 Vehicle and Driving Environment -- 7.3.2.1 Information Salience -- 7.3.2.2 Complexity -- 7.3.2.3 Workload, Fatigue, and Other Stressors -- 7.3.2.4 Distraction and Technology -- 7.3.3 Automation and Vehicle Design -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Allocation of Function to Humans and Automation and the Transfer of Control -- Key Points -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Defining FA -- 8.2.1 Allocating Responsibility -- 8.2.2 Allocating Authority to Take Responsibility for a Function -- 8.3 Defining the Driving Task: How Automation Changes FA -- 8.4 The Can and Why of Allocating Functions -- 8.5 The Consequences of Inappropriate FA -- 8.6 Transfer of FA in AVs -- 8.7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Driver Fitness in the Resumption of Control -- Key Points -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Distraction -- 9.2.1 Definitions and Effects -- 9.2.1.1 What Is Driver Distraction? -- 9.2.1.2 Potential Sources of Distraction and Their Effects on Non-Automated Driving.
9.2.1.3 Effects of Automation on Distraction -- 9.2.1.4 Effects of Distraction on Driver-Automation Coordination -- 9.2.2 Detection -- 9.2.3 Remediation -- 9.3 Sleepiness -- 9.3.1 Definitions and Effects -- 9.3.1.1 What Is Sleepiness? -- 9.3.1.2 Potential Sources of Sleepiness and Their Effects on Non-Automated Driving -- 9.3.1.3 Effects of Automation on Sleepiness -- 9.3.1.4 Effects of Sleepiness on Driver-Automation Coordination -- 9.3.2 Detection -- 9.3.2.1 Detecting and Predicting Sleepiness -- 9.3.2.2 Detecting and Predicting Microsleeps -- 9.3.2.3 Detecting and Predicting Sleep -- 9.3.3 Remediation -- 9.3.3.1 Technologies and Practices: Opportunities to Develop, Test, and Implement Solutions -- 9.3.3.2 Gaps in Knowledge and Related Opportunities -- 9.4 Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) -- 9.4.1 Definitions and Effects -- 9.4.1.1 Alcohol Prevalence and Crash Risk -- 9.4.1.2 Other Drugs Prevalence and Crash Risk -- 9.4.1.3 Prevalence vs. Impairment -- 9.4.1.4 Varying Drug Impairing Behaviors -- 9.4.1.5 Effects of Automation on AOD-Impaired Driving -- 9.4.1.6 Effects of AOD-Impaired Driving on Driver-Automation Coordination -- 9.4.2 Detection -- 9.4.2.1 Alcohol Breath Testers and Sensors, Alcohol-Ignition Interlocks, and DADSS -- 9.4.2.2 Breathalyzers for Drugs Other than Alcohol -- 9.4.2.3 Transdermal Sensors and Other Biosensors for Alcohol and Drug Detection -- 9.4.2.4 Behavioral Indicators for AOD-Impaired Driving -- 9.4.3 Remediation -- 9.5 Motion Sickness -- 9.5.1 Definitions and Effects -- 9.5.1.1 What Is Motion Sickness and What Are Its Symptoms? -- 9.5.1.2 Contributors to Motion Sickness Experienced by Drivers of Automated Vehicles -- 9.5.1.3 Effects of Motion Sickness on Drivers of Automated Vehicles -- 9.5.2 Detection -- 9.5.2.1 Self-Report Measures -- 9.5.2.2 Other Measures -- 9.5.3 Remediation -- 9.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments.
References.
Summary: This new handbook provides both ordinary and vulnerable road users the information about the human driver that they need in a single, integrated compendium in order to ensure that automated, connected and intelligent vehicles reach their full potential of reduced crashes, congestion, and carbon emissions.
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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Key Points -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Definitions -- 1.2.1 Levels of Automation and Active Safety Systems -- 1.2.1.1 Levels of Automation -- 1.2.1.2 Active Safety Systems -- 1.2.2 Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles -- 1.2.2.1 Automated Vehicles -- 1.2.2.2 Connected Vehicles -- 1.2.2.3 Intelligent Vehicles -- 1.2.3 Operational Design Domain -- 1.3 The Handbook: A Quick Guide -- 1.3.1 The State of the Art: ACIVs (Chapter 2) -- 1.3.2 Issues in the Deployment of ACIVs (Problems) -- 1.3.2.1 Driver's Mental Model of Vehicle Automation (Chapter 3) -- 1.3.2.2 Driver Trust in ACIVs (Chapter 4) -- 1.3.2.3 Public Opinion about ACIVs (Chapter 5) -- 1.3.2.4 Workload, Distraction, and Automation (Chapter 6) -- 1.3.2.5 Situation Awareness in Driving (Chapter 7) -- 1.3.2.6 Allocation of Function to Humans and Automation and the Transfer of Control (Chapter 8) -- 1.3.2.7 Driver Fitness in the Resumption of Control (Chapter 9) -- 1.3.2.8 Driver Capabilities in the Resumption of Control (Chapter 10) -- 1.3.2.9 Driver State Monitoring for Decreased Fitness to Drive (Chapter 11) -- 1.3.2.10 Behavioral Adaptation (Chapter 12) -- 1.3.2.11 Distributed Situation Awareness (Chapter 13) -- 1.3.2.12 Human Factors Issues in the Regulation of Deployment (Chapter 14) -- 1.3.3 Human-Centered Design of ACIVs (Solutions) -- 1.3.3.1 HMI Design for ACIVs (Chapter 15) -- 1.3.3.2 HMI Design for Fitness Impaired Populations (Chapter 16) -- 1.3.3.3 Automated Vehicle Design for People with Disabilities (Chapter 17) -- 1.3.3.4 Importance of Training for ACIVs (Chapter 18) -- 1.3.4 Special Topics -- 1.3.4.1 Connected Vehicles in a Connected World: A Sociotechnical Systems Perspective (Chapter 19).

1.3.4.2 Congestion and Carbon Emissions (Chapter 20) -- 1.3.4.3 Automation Lessons from Other Domains (Chapter 21) -- 1.3.5 Evaluation of ACIVs -- 1.3.5.1 Human Factors Considerations in Testing and Evaluating ACIVs (Chapter 22) -- 1.3.5.2 Techniques for Making Sense of Behavior in Complex Datasets (Chapter 23) -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Automated Driving: Decades of Research and Development Leading to Today's Commercial Systems -- Key Points -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Automated Driving: From Vision to the Launch of a New Industry in 70 Years -- 2.1.2 Advent of Active Safety Systems -- 2.1.3 Addressing Safe Testing and Deployment of Automated Driving -- 2.1.4 Pursuit of Nascent "Holy Grails" -- 2.2 Distinctions within SAE Levels of Automation -- 2.3 Automated Driving: Technology Basis -- 2.3.1 Understanding the World to Make Proper Driving Decisions -- 2.3.2 Perception, Mapping, and Localization -- 2.3.3 Motion Planning and Control -- 2.3.4 Artificial Intelligence -- 2.3.5 Off-Board Information Sources -- 2.3.6 Driver Monitoring as Key to Safety Case -- 2.3.7 Behavioral Competencies and Remote Support -- 2.3.8 Design and Test Processes to Ensure Safety -- 2.3.8.1 Functional Safety -- 2.3.8.2 Cybersecurity -- 2.3.8.3 ADS Validation Processes -- 2.4 Automated Driving Commercial Development and Deployment -- 2.4.1 Automated Fleet Services for Freight and Parcels -- 2.4.2 Automated Fleet Services for People -- 2.4.3 Private Ownership: Automation Features in Mass-Market Passenger Cars -- 2.5 Regulatory Considerations -- 2.6 Going Forward: ADS Implications for Human Factors -- References -- Chapter 3 Driver's Mental Model of Vehicle Automation -- Key Points -- 3.1 Importance and Relevance of Mental Models in Driving and Automation -- 3.2 Defining Mental Models -- 3.3 Mental Models under Uncertainty.

3.4 General and Applied Mental Models -- 3.5 Measurement of General and Applied Mental Models -- 3.6 Supporting Accurate and Complete Mental Models -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Driver Trust in Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles -- Key Points -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Trust and Types of Automation -- 4.3 Definition and Mechanisms Underlying Trust -- 4.4 Promoting Appropriate Trust in Vehicle Automation -- 4.4.1 Calibration and Resolution of Trust -- 4.4.2 Trustable Automation: Create Simple Use Situations and Automation Structure -- 4.4.3 Trustable Automation: Display Surface and Depth Indications of Capability -- 4.4.4 Trustable Automation: Enable Directable Automation and Trust Repair -- 4.4.5 Trustworthy Automation and Goal Alignment -- 4.5 Trust and Acceptance of Vehicle Technology -- 4.6 Ethical Considerations and the Teleology of Technology -- 4.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Public Opinion About Automated and Self-Driving Vehicles: An International Review -- Key Points -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overall Acceptability -- 5.2.1 Perceived Benefits -- 5.2.2 Perceived Concerns -- 5.2.3 Activities When Riding in an AV -- 5.3 Public Opinion Towards AVs as a Function of Sociodemographic Characteristics -- 5.4 Country Differences in Public Opinion Towards AVs -- 5.5 WTP for AVs -- 5.6 Acceptance of AVs after Experiencing the Technology -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 6 Workload, Distraction, and Automation -- Key Points -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Workload, Distraction, and Performance -- 6.2.1 Workload -- 6.2.1.1 Workload and the Yerkes-Dodson Law -- 6.2.1.2 Active Workload Management -- 6.2.2 Distraction -- 6.2.2.1 Distraction and Types of Inattention -- 6.2.2.2 The Process of Driver Distraction -- 6.2.3 Driver Workload and Driver Distraction -- 6.2.4 Summary.

6.3 Types of Automation and Workload Implications -- 6.3.1 Effect of Different Levels of Automation on Workload -- 6.3.2 The Interaction of Distraction, Workload, and Automation -- 6.3.2.1 Automation Creating Distraction Directly -- 6.3.2.2 Automation Creating Distraction Indirectly -- 6.3.2.3 The Interaction of Other Mechanisms of Inattention, Workload, and Automation -- 6.3.3 Summary -- 6.4 Managing Workload and Distraction in Automated Vehicles -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Situation Awareness in Driving -- Key Points -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 SA Requirements for Driving -- 7.3 SA Model -- 7.3.1 Individual Factors -- 7.3.1.1 Limited Attention -- 7.3.1.2 Limited Working Memory -- 7.3.1.3 Goal-Driven Processing Alternating with Data-Driven Processing -- 7.3.1.4 Long-Term Memory Stores -- 7.3.1.5 Expertise -- 7.3.1.6 Cognitive Automaticity -- 7.3.2 Vehicle and Driving Environment -- 7.3.2.1 Information Salience -- 7.3.2.2 Complexity -- 7.3.2.3 Workload, Fatigue, and Other Stressors -- 7.3.2.4 Distraction and Technology -- 7.3.3 Automation and Vehicle Design -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Allocation of Function to Humans and Automation and the Transfer of Control -- Key Points -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Defining FA -- 8.2.1 Allocating Responsibility -- 8.2.2 Allocating Authority to Take Responsibility for a Function -- 8.3 Defining the Driving Task: How Automation Changes FA -- 8.4 The Can and Why of Allocating Functions -- 8.5 The Consequences of Inappropriate FA -- 8.6 Transfer of FA in AVs -- 8.7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Driver Fitness in the Resumption of Control -- Key Points -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Distraction -- 9.2.1 Definitions and Effects -- 9.2.1.1 What Is Driver Distraction? -- 9.2.1.2 Potential Sources of Distraction and Their Effects on Non-Automated Driving.

9.2.1.3 Effects of Automation on Distraction -- 9.2.1.4 Effects of Distraction on Driver-Automation Coordination -- 9.2.2 Detection -- 9.2.3 Remediation -- 9.3 Sleepiness -- 9.3.1 Definitions and Effects -- 9.3.1.1 What Is Sleepiness? -- 9.3.1.2 Potential Sources of Sleepiness and Their Effects on Non-Automated Driving -- 9.3.1.3 Effects of Automation on Sleepiness -- 9.3.1.4 Effects of Sleepiness on Driver-Automation Coordination -- 9.3.2 Detection -- 9.3.2.1 Detecting and Predicting Sleepiness -- 9.3.2.2 Detecting and Predicting Microsleeps -- 9.3.2.3 Detecting and Predicting Sleep -- 9.3.3 Remediation -- 9.3.3.1 Technologies and Practices: Opportunities to Develop, Test, and Implement Solutions -- 9.3.3.2 Gaps in Knowledge and Related Opportunities -- 9.4 Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) -- 9.4.1 Definitions and Effects -- 9.4.1.1 Alcohol Prevalence and Crash Risk -- 9.4.1.2 Other Drugs Prevalence and Crash Risk -- 9.4.1.3 Prevalence vs. Impairment -- 9.4.1.4 Varying Drug Impairing Behaviors -- 9.4.1.5 Effects of Automation on AOD-Impaired Driving -- 9.4.1.6 Effects of AOD-Impaired Driving on Driver-Automation Coordination -- 9.4.2 Detection -- 9.4.2.1 Alcohol Breath Testers and Sensors, Alcohol-Ignition Interlocks, and DADSS -- 9.4.2.2 Breathalyzers for Drugs Other than Alcohol -- 9.4.2.3 Transdermal Sensors and Other Biosensors for Alcohol and Drug Detection -- 9.4.2.4 Behavioral Indicators for AOD-Impaired Driving -- 9.4.3 Remediation -- 9.5 Motion Sickness -- 9.5.1 Definitions and Effects -- 9.5.1.1 What Is Motion Sickness and What Are Its Symptoms? -- 9.5.1.2 Contributors to Motion Sickness Experienced by Drivers of Automated Vehicles -- 9.5.1.3 Effects of Motion Sickness on Drivers of Automated Vehicles -- 9.5.2 Detection -- 9.5.2.1 Self-Report Measures -- 9.5.2.2 Other Measures -- 9.5.3 Remediation -- 9.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments.

References.

This new handbook provides both ordinary and vulnerable road users the information about the human driver that they need in a single, integrated compendium in order to ensure that automated, connected and intelligent vehicles reach their full potential of reduced crashes, congestion, and carbon emissions.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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