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Activated Sludge and Nutrient Removal.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: Manual of PracticePublisher: Chicago : Water Environment Federation, 2017Copyright date: ©2017Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (451 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781572783454
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Activated Sludge and Nutrient RemovalDDC classification:
  • 628.35400000000004
LOC classification:
  • TD756 .W38 2018
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF FIGURES -- LIST OF TABLES -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 ORGANIZATION -- 3.0 WHAT IS IN A NAME? -- 4.0 OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT -- 5.0 INFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS -- 5.1 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND -- 5.2 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND -- 5.3 SOLIDS -- 5.4 NUTRIENTS -- 5.5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INFLUENT PARAMETERS -- 6.0 PURPOSE OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT -- 6.1 CONVERSION OF BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATERIAL TO BIOMASS -- 6.2 CONVERSION OF AMMONIA TO NITRATE -- 6.3 CONVERSION OF NITRATE TO NITROGEN GAS -- 6.4 BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL -- 7.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS -- 8.0 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS FUNDAMENTALS -- 1.0 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE -- 2.0 BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS -- 2.1 ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASIN -- 2.2 SECONDARY CLARIFIER -- 2.3 RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE -- 2.4 WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE -- 3.0 ANAEROBIC, ANOXIC, AND AEROBIC CONDITIONS -- 4.0 BACTERIAL ENGINES -- 4.1 HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA -- 4.2 AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA -- 4.3 PHOSPHATE ACCUMULATING ORGANISMS -- 4.4 GROWTH PATTERNS: FLOC FORMERS VS FILAMENT FORMERS -- 5.0 MICROBIAL GROWTH KINETICS -- 5.1 MONOD KINETICS -- 5.2 MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE -- 5.3 SATURATION COEFFICIENT -- 5.4 HALF-SATURATION COEFFICIENT -- 5.5 EFFECT OF MULTIPLE LIMITING SUBSTRATES -- 5.6 BIOMASS YIELD -- 5.7 BIOMASS DECAY RATE -- 5.8 MONOD KINETICS -- 6.0 PROCESS VARIATIONS -- 6.1 LOADING RATES -- 6.2 REACTOR CONFIGURATION -- 6.2.1 IDEAL COMPLETE MIX -- 6.2.2 IDEAL PLUG FLOW -- 6.2.3 REACTORS-IN-SERIES -- 6.2.4 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS -- 6.2.5 OXIDATION DITCH -- 6.3 FEED AND AERATION PATTERNS -- 6.3.1 CONVENTIONAL -- 6.3.2 CONTACT STABILIZATION AND SLUDGE REAERATION -- 6.3.3 STEP FEED -- 6.3.4 TAPERED AERATION -- 6.3.5 SELECTORS -- 6.4 OTHER MODIFICATIONS -- 6.4.1 HIGH-PURITY OXYGEN -- 6.4.2 COUPLED SYSTEMS.
6.4.3 COMBINED SYSTEMS -- 6.5 FACTORS AFFECTING PROCESS EFFICIENCY -- 7.0 DESCRIPTION OF FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT USED -- 7.1 ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASINS OR BIOLOGICAL REACTORS -- 7.2 AERATION SYSTEMS -- 7.2.1 AIR DELIVERY -- 7.2.2 MECHANICAL AERATION -- 7.3 MIXING -- 7.4 CLARIFICATION -- 7.5 RETURN AND WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS -- 7.6 RECIRCULATION PUMPING -- 8.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS -- 9.0 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 MICROBIOLOGY -- 1.0 SUMMARY OF BACTERIAL ENGINE -- 2.0 THE BACTERIAL CELL AND HOW IT WORKS -- 2.1 DESCRIPTION -- 2.2 PARTS AND FUNCTION -- 2.3 HOW THEY FEED -- 2.4 HOW THEY GROW -- 3.0 BACTERIA DEFINED BY GROWTH PATTERN: FLOC FORMERS VS FILAMENTOUS MICROORGANISMS -- 4.0 BACTERIA DEFINED BY DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL -- 5.0 FILAMENTOUS MICROORGANISMS -- 5.1 LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN -- 5.2 LOW FOOD-TO-MICROORGANISM RATIO -- 5.3 LOW NUTRIENTS-PHOSPHORUS OR NITROGEN -- 5.4 PH -- 5.5 FILAMENT CONTROL -- 6.0 PROTOZOA AND METAZOA -- 6.1 PROTOZOA -- 6.1.1 FLAGELLATES -- 6.1.2 AMOEBA (TESTATE AND NAKED) -- 6.1.3 FREE-SWIMMING CILIATES -- 6.1.4 ATTACHED (STALKED) CILIATES -- 6.1.5 CRAWLER CILIATES -- 6.1.6 SUCTORIA -- 6.1.7 CARNIVOROUS CILIATES -- 6.1.8 PROTOZOA REPRODUCTION -- 6.1.9 CELL SIZE -- 6.2 METAZOA -- 6.2.1 ROTIFERS -- 6.2.2 WATER BEARS, BRISTLE WORMS, NEMATODES, AND GASTROTRICHS -- 6.2.3 WATER BEAR (TARDIGRADE) -- 7.0 NUMBER AND TYPE OF PROTOZOA AND METAZOA VS VARIOUS PARAMETERS -- 8.0 USE OF PROTOZOA AND METAZOA AS INDICATOR ORGANISMS -- 8.1 HIGHER LIFE FORM COUNTING FORM -- 8.2 THE COUNTING PROCEDURE -- 9.0 MICROSCOPIC EXAM FORM -- 10.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND EXCERCISES -- 11.0 REFERENCES -- 12.0 SUGGESTED READINGS -- CHAPTER 4 PROCESS CONTROL FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASIN -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 SLUDGE AGE -- 2.1 GOULD SLUDGE AGE -- 2.1.1 DEFINITION -- 2.1.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
2.2 MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME -- 2.2.1 DEFINITION -- 2.2.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.2.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLE -- 2.2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 2.3 SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME -- 2.3.1 DEFINITION -- 2.3.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 2.4 SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME AEROBIC -- 2.4.1 DEFINITION -- 2.4.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.4.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLE -- 2.4.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 2.5 DYNAMIC SOLIDS RETENTION TIME -- 2.5.1 DEFINITION -- 2.5.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.5.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 2.6 RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE/WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE CONCENTRATIONS -- 2.6.1 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.6.2 CALCULATION EXAMPLE -- 2.6.3 SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE/WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE -- 2.7 WHEN TO INCLUDE EFFLUENT TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS -- 2.8 ACCOUNTING FOR SOLIDS RECYCLE FROM DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES -- 2.9 POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF FOAMING EVENTS ON SLUDGE AGE -- 2.10 WASTING FREQUENCY -- 2.10.1 EXAMPLE NO. 1 -- 2.10.2 EXAMPLE NO. 2 -- 2.11 WHEN TO USE MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME, SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME, OR SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME AEROBIC -- 2.11.1 EXAMPLE NO. 1 -- 2.11.2 EXAMPLE NO. 2 -- 2.11.3 EXAMPLE NO. 3 -- 2.11.4 EXAMPLE NO. 4 -- 3.0 FOOD-TO-MICROORGANISM RATIO -- 3.1 DEFINITION -- 3.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 3.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLE -- 3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 4.0 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PROCESS VARIABLES -- 4.1 WHY DO MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS INCREASE WITH INCREASING SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME? -- 4.2 WHY DOES THE RATIO OF MIXED LIQUOR VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS TO MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS DECREASE WITH INCREASING SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME? -- 4.3 IS MAINTAINING A CONSTANT MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION THE SAME AS CONSTANT SLUDGE AGE? -- 4.3.1 EXAMPLE NO. 1 -- 4.3.2 EXAMPLE NO. 2 -- 4.3.3 EXAMPLE NO. 3.
4.4 CAN I OPERATE WITH CONSTANT MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS INSTEAD OF CONSTANT SLUDGE AGE? -- 4.5 WHY DOES THE FOOD-TO-MICROORGANISM RATIO DECREASE WITH INCREASING SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME? -- 4.6 THE DESIGN CONDITION -- 4.7 SUMMARY OF PROCESS CONTROL STRATEGIES -- 5.0 SELECTING A TARGET MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME, SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME, OR SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME AEROBIC -- 5.1 FLOCCULATE, SETTLE, AND COMPACT -- 5.1.1 YOUNG SLUDGE BULKING -- 5.1.2 OLD SLUDGE BULKING -- 5.1.3 SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY -- 5.1.4 SLUDGE COMPACTION -- 5.2 MAINTAIN MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS WITH A REASONABLE RANGE -- 5.3 WASHOUT MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME/SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME-INFLUENCING BIOLOGY AND SETTLEABILITY -- 5.4 MEET EFFLUENT AMMONIA LIMITS -- 5.4.1 EXAMPLE NO. 1 -- 5.4.2 EXAMPLE NO. 2 -- 5.5 SUMMARY ON SELECTING A TARGET MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME, SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME, OR SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME AEROBIC -- 6.0 SETTING A TARGET DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION -- 6.1 PREVENTING THE GROWTH OF LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN FILAMENTS -- 6.2 MAXIMIZING NITRIFICATION RATES -- 7.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS -- 8.0 REFERENCES -- 9.0 SUGGESTED READINGS -- CHAPTER 5 PROCESS CONTROL METHODS FOR THE SECONDARY CLARIFIER -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SECONDARY CLARIFIERS -- 1.1 PURPOSE OF SECONDARY CLARIFIERS -- 1.2 SETTLING CONCEPTS -- 2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPERATION OF SECONDARY CLARIFIERS -- 2.1 INFLUENT FLOW -- 2.2 SURFACE OVERFLOW RATE -- 2.3 SOLIDS LOADING RATE -- 2.4 SURFACE AREA -- 2.5 MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION -- 2.6 RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE FLOW AND CONCENTRATION -- 2.7 SLUDGE BLANKET LEVEL -- 2.8 SLUDGE QUALITY (MIXED LIQUOR SETTLEABILITY), SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX -- 2.9 CLARIFIER HYDRAULICS -- 2.10 SUMMARY -- 3.0 COMMON MISCONCEPTION ABOUT SECONDARY CLARIFIERS: CLARIFIERS CAN THICKEN AND STORE SOLIDS -- 4.0 STATE POINT ANALYSIS -- 5.0 REFERENCES.
6.0 SUGGESTED READINGS -- CHAPTER 6 PROCESS CONTROL TESTS -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE AERATION BASIN -- 2.1 MIXING PATTERNS -- 2.2 EVIDENCE OF BROKEN HEADERS AND DIFFUSERS -- 2.3 FOAM COLOR INDICATORS -- 3.0 DISSOLVED OXYGEN -- 4.0 TEMPERATURE -- 5.0 PH -- 6.0 ALKALINITY -- 7.0 DEPTH OF BLANKET -- 7.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 7.2 APPLICATION -- 7.3 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 7.4 SAMPLE COLLECTION -- 7.5 PROCEDURE -- 7.6 SPECIAL VARIATIONS OR APPLICATIONS -- 7.6.1 BLANKET PROFILE -- 7.6.2 BALANCING FLOW TO THE FINAL CLARIFIERS -- 8.0 SETTLEABILITY -- 8.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 8.2 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 8.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HOLDING TIMES -- 8.4 PROCEDURE -- 8.5 SPECIAL VARIATIONS OR APPLICATIONS -- 8.5.1 RISE TEST -- 8.5.2 DILUTION TEST -- 8.6 CALCULATIONS -- 8.7 SAMPLE BENCH SHEET -- 8.8 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS -- 9.0 SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX -- 9.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 9.2 APPLICATION -- 9.3 INTERFERENCES -- 9.4 REQUIRED DATA -- 9.5 CALCULATIONS -- 10.0 FLOCCULATED/DISPERSED SUSPENDED SOLIDS TESTING FOR SECONDARY CLARIFIERS -- 10.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 10.2 APPLICATION -- 10.3 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 10.4 PROCEDURE -- 10.5 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS -- 11.0 CENTRIFUGE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SUSPENDED MATTER -- 11.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 11.2 APPLICATION -- 11.3 INTERFERENCES -- 11.4 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 11.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HOLDING TIMES -- 11.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL -- 11.7 PROCEDURE -- 11.8 CALCULATIONS -- 12.0 SETTLEABLE SOLIDS -- 12.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 12.2 PROCEDURE -- 12.3 INTERFERENCES -- 13.0 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS -- 13.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 13.2 APPLICATION -- 13.3 INTERFERENCES -- 13.4 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 13.5 REAGENTS -- 13.6 STOCK AND STANDARDS -- 13.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL.
13.8 SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HOLDING TIMES.
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Intro -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF FIGURES -- LIST OF TABLES -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 ORGANIZATION -- 3.0 WHAT IS IN A NAME? -- 4.0 OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT -- 5.0 INFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS -- 5.1 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND -- 5.2 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND -- 5.3 SOLIDS -- 5.4 NUTRIENTS -- 5.5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INFLUENT PARAMETERS -- 6.0 PURPOSE OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT -- 6.1 CONVERSION OF BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATERIAL TO BIOMASS -- 6.2 CONVERSION OF AMMONIA TO NITRATE -- 6.3 CONVERSION OF NITRATE TO NITROGEN GAS -- 6.4 BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL -- 7.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS -- 8.0 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS FUNDAMENTALS -- 1.0 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE -- 2.0 BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS -- 2.1 ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASIN -- 2.2 SECONDARY CLARIFIER -- 2.3 RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE -- 2.4 WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE -- 3.0 ANAEROBIC, ANOXIC, AND AEROBIC CONDITIONS -- 4.0 BACTERIAL ENGINES -- 4.1 HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA -- 4.2 AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA -- 4.3 PHOSPHATE ACCUMULATING ORGANISMS -- 4.4 GROWTH PATTERNS: FLOC FORMERS VS FILAMENT FORMERS -- 5.0 MICROBIAL GROWTH KINETICS -- 5.1 MONOD KINETICS -- 5.2 MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE -- 5.3 SATURATION COEFFICIENT -- 5.4 HALF-SATURATION COEFFICIENT -- 5.5 EFFECT OF MULTIPLE LIMITING SUBSTRATES -- 5.6 BIOMASS YIELD -- 5.7 BIOMASS DECAY RATE -- 5.8 MONOD KINETICS -- 6.0 PROCESS VARIATIONS -- 6.1 LOADING RATES -- 6.2 REACTOR CONFIGURATION -- 6.2.1 IDEAL COMPLETE MIX -- 6.2.2 IDEAL PLUG FLOW -- 6.2.3 REACTORS-IN-SERIES -- 6.2.4 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS -- 6.2.5 OXIDATION DITCH -- 6.3 FEED AND AERATION PATTERNS -- 6.3.1 CONVENTIONAL -- 6.3.2 CONTACT STABILIZATION AND SLUDGE REAERATION -- 6.3.3 STEP FEED -- 6.3.4 TAPERED AERATION -- 6.3.5 SELECTORS -- 6.4 OTHER MODIFICATIONS -- 6.4.1 HIGH-PURITY OXYGEN -- 6.4.2 COUPLED SYSTEMS.

6.4.3 COMBINED SYSTEMS -- 6.5 FACTORS AFFECTING PROCESS EFFICIENCY -- 7.0 DESCRIPTION OF FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT USED -- 7.1 ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASINS OR BIOLOGICAL REACTORS -- 7.2 AERATION SYSTEMS -- 7.2.1 AIR DELIVERY -- 7.2.2 MECHANICAL AERATION -- 7.3 MIXING -- 7.4 CLARIFICATION -- 7.5 RETURN AND WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS -- 7.6 RECIRCULATION PUMPING -- 8.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS -- 9.0 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 MICROBIOLOGY -- 1.0 SUMMARY OF BACTERIAL ENGINE -- 2.0 THE BACTERIAL CELL AND HOW IT WORKS -- 2.1 DESCRIPTION -- 2.2 PARTS AND FUNCTION -- 2.3 HOW THEY FEED -- 2.4 HOW THEY GROW -- 3.0 BACTERIA DEFINED BY GROWTH PATTERN: FLOC FORMERS VS FILAMENTOUS MICROORGANISMS -- 4.0 BACTERIA DEFINED BY DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL -- 5.0 FILAMENTOUS MICROORGANISMS -- 5.1 LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN -- 5.2 LOW FOOD-TO-MICROORGANISM RATIO -- 5.3 LOW NUTRIENTS-PHOSPHORUS OR NITROGEN -- 5.4 PH -- 5.5 FILAMENT CONTROL -- 6.0 PROTOZOA AND METAZOA -- 6.1 PROTOZOA -- 6.1.1 FLAGELLATES -- 6.1.2 AMOEBA (TESTATE AND NAKED) -- 6.1.3 FREE-SWIMMING CILIATES -- 6.1.4 ATTACHED (STALKED) CILIATES -- 6.1.5 CRAWLER CILIATES -- 6.1.6 SUCTORIA -- 6.1.7 CARNIVOROUS CILIATES -- 6.1.8 PROTOZOA REPRODUCTION -- 6.1.9 CELL SIZE -- 6.2 METAZOA -- 6.2.1 ROTIFERS -- 6.2.2 WATER BEARS, BRISTLE WORMS, NEMATODES, AND GASTROTRICHS -- 6.2.3 WATER BEAR (TARDIGRADE) -- 7.0 NUMBER AND TYPE OF PROTOZOA AND METAZOA VS VARIOUS PARAMETERS -- 8.0 USE OF PROTOZOA AND METAZOA AS INDICATOR ORGANISMS -- 8.1 HIGHER LIFE FORM COUNTING FORM -- 8.2 THE COUNTING PROCEDURE -- 9.0 MICROSCOPIC EXAM FORM -- 10.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND EXCERCISES -- 11.0 REFERENCES -- 12.0 SUGGESTED READINGS -- CHAPTER 4 PROCESS CONTROL FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASIN -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 SLUDGE AGE -- 2.1 GOULD SLUDGE AGE -- 2.1.1 DEFINITION -- 2.1.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.

2.2 MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME -- 2.2.1 DEFINITION -- 2.2.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.2.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLE -- 2.2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 2.3 SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME -- 2.3.1 DEFINITION -- 2.3.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 2.4 SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME AEROBIC -- 2.4.1 DEFINITION -- 2.4.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.4.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLE -- 2.4.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 2.5 DYNAMIC SOLIDS RETENTION TIME -- 2.5.1 DEFINITION -- 2.5.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.5.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 2.6 RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE/WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE CONCENTRATIONS -- 2.6.1 CALCULATION METHOD -- 2.6.2 CALCULATION EXAMPLE -- 2.6.3 SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE/WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE -- 2.7 WHEN TO INCLUDE EFFLUENT TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS -- 2.8 ACCOUNTING FOR SOLIDS RECYCLE FROM DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES -- 2.9 POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF FOAMING EVENTS ON SLUDGE AGE -- 2.10 WASTING FREQUENCY -- 2.10.1 EXAMPLE NO. 1 -- 2.10.2 EXAMPLE NO. 2 -- 2.11 WHEN TO USE MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME, SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME, OR SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME AEROBIC -- 2.11.1 EXAMPLE NO. 1 -- 2.11.2 EXAMPLE NO. 2 -- 2.11.3 EXAMPLE NO. 3 -- 2.11.4 EXAMPLE NO. 4 -- 3.0 FOOD-TO-MICROORGANISM RATIO -- 3.1 DEFINITION -- 3.2 CALCULATION METHOD -- 3.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLE -- 3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- 4.0 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PROCESS VARIABLES -- 4.1 WHY DO MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS INCREASE WITH INCREASING SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME? -- 4.2 WHY DOES THE RATIO OF MIXED LIQUOR VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS TO MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS DECREASE WITH INCREASING SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME? -- 4.3 IS MAINTAINING A CONSTANT MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION THE SAME AS CONSTANT SLUDGE AGE? -- 4.3.1 EXAMPLE NO. 1 -- 4.3.2 EXAMPLE NO. 2 -- 4.3.3 EXAMPLE NO. 3.

4.4 CAN I OPERATE WITH CONSTANT MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS INSTEAD OF CONSTANT SLUDGE AGE? -- 4.5 WHY DOES THE FOOD-TO-MICROORGANISM RATIO DECREASE WITH INCREASING SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME? -- 4.6 THE DESIGN CONDITION -- 4.7 SUMMARY OF PROCESS CONTROL STRATEGIES -- 5.0 SELECTING A TARGET MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME, SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME, OR SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME AEROBIC -- 5.1 FLOCCULATE, SETTLE, AND COMPACT -- 5.1.1 YOUNG SLUDGE BULKING -- 5.1.2 OLD SLUDGE BULKING -- 5.1.3 SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY -- 5.1.4 SLUDGE COMPACTION -- 5.2 MAINTAIN MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS WITH A REASONABLE RANGE -- 5.3 WASHOUT MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME/SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME-INFLUENCING BIOLOGY AND SETTLEABILITY -- 5.4 MEET EFFLUENT AMMONIA LIMITS -- 5.4.1 EXAMPLE NO. 1 -- 5.4.2 EXAMPLE NO. 2 -- 5.5 SUMMARY ON SELECTING A TARGET MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME, SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME, OR SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME AEROBIC -- 6.0 SETTING A TARGET DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION -- 6.1 PREVENTING THE GROWTH OF LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN FILAMENTS -- 6.2 MAXIMIZING NITRIFICATION RATES -- 7.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS -- 8.0 REFERENCES -- 9.0 SUGGESTED READINGS -- CHAPTER 5 PROCESS CONTROL METHODS FOR THE SECONDARY CLARIFIER -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SECONDARY CLARIFIERS -- 1.1 PURPOSE OF SECONDARY CLARIFIERS -- 1.2 SETTLING CONCEPTS -- 2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPERATION OF SECONDARY CLARIFIERS -- 2.1 INFLUENT FLOW -- 2.2 SURFACE OVERFLOW RATE -- 2.3 SOLIDS LOADING RATE -- 2.4 SURFACE AREA -- 2.5 MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION -- 2.6 RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE FLOW AND CONCENTRATION -- 2.7 SLUDGE BLANKET LEVEL -- 2.8 SLUDGE QUALITY (MIXED LIQUOR SETTLEABILITY), SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX -- 2.9 CLARIFIER HYDRAULICS -- 2.10 SUMMARY -- 3.0 COMMON MISCONCEPTION ABOUT SECONDARY CLARIFIERS: CLARIFIERS CAN THICKEN AND STORE SOLIDS -- 4.0 STATE POINT ANALYSIS -- 5.0 REFERENCES.

6.0 SUGGESTED READINGS -- CHAPTER 6 PROCESS CONTROL TESTS -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE AERATION BASIN -- 2.1 MIXING PATTERNS -- 2.2 EVIDENCE OF BROKEN HEADERS AND DIFFUSERS -- 2.3 FOAM COLOR INDICATORS -- 3.0 DISSOLVED OXYGEN -- 4.0 TEMPERATURE -- 5.0 PH -- 6.0 ALKALINITY -- 7.0 DEPTH OF BLANKET -- 7.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 7.2 APPLICATION -- 7.3 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 7.4 SAMPLE COLLECTION -- 7.5 PROCEDURE -- 7.6 SPECIAL VARIATIONS OR APPLICATIONS -- 7.6.1 BLANKET PROFILE -- 7.6.2 BALANCING FLOW TO THE FINAL CLARIFIERS -- 8.0 SETTLEABILITY -- 8.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 8.2 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 8.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HOLDING TIMES -- 8.4 PROCEDURE -- 8.5 SPECIAL VARIATIONS OR APPLICATIONS -- 8.5.1 RISE TEST -- 8.5.2 DILUTION TEST -- 8.6 CALCULATIONS -- 8.7 SAMPLE BENCH SHEET -- 8.8 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS -- 9.0 SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX -- 9.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 9.2 APPLICATION -- 9.3 INTERFERENCES -- 9.4 REQUIRED DATA -- 9.5 CALCULATIONS -- 10.0 FLOCCULATED/DISPERSED SUSPENDED SOLIDS TESTING FOR SECONDARY CLARIFIERS -- 10.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 10.2 APPLICATION -- 10.3 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 10.4 PROCEDURE -- 10.5 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS -- 11.0 CENTRIFUGE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SUSPENDED MATTER -- 11.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 11.2 APPLICATION -- 11.3 INTERFERENCES -- 11.4 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 11.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HOLDING TIMES -- 11.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL -- 11.7 PROCEDURE -- 11.8 CALCULATIONS -- 12.0 SETTLEABLE SOLIDS -- 12.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 12.2 PROCEDURE -- 12.3 INTERFERENCES -- 13.0 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS -- 13.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 13.2 APPLICATION -- 13.3 INTERFERENCES -- 13.4 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS -- 13.5 REAGENTS -- 13.6 STOCK AND STANDARDS -- 13.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL.

13.8 SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HOLDING TIMES.

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