The Drugs Offences Handbook.

Intro -- Preface -- Table of statutes -- Table of statutory instruments -- Table of EC and International Materials -- Table of cases -- 1 MANUFACTURE AND CULTIVATION -- Introduction -- Medicinal Uses Of Controlled Drugs -- The Meanings Of 'Product' And 'Preparation' -- Cultivation -- Defences Available, In Principle, To Accused Persons Involved In Manufacture Or Cultivation -- Use Of Extradition Proceedings As A Means Of Law Enforcement -- Summary Of Key Points -- 2 IMPORTATION -- The Offences -- How The Offence Is Charged -- Procedure And Sentence -- Elements Of The Offence -- Section 170(1) and 170(2) -- The Actus Reus -- The Mens Rea -- Admissibility Issues In Importation Cases -- The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 -- Summary Of Key Points -- 3 POSSESSION: UNLAWFUL POSSESSION, CONTROL AND KNOWLEDGE -- Introduction -- Unlawful Possession -- Section 5 of the MDA 1971 -- The Ingredients Of The Offence -- Custody And/Or Control: The Physical Element Of Possession -- Knowledge: The Mental Element Of Possession -- Warner and Possession -- Mcnamara: Simplifying The Law Of Possession -- Imputing An Intention To Possess -- R v Lambert -- Mistake As To The Drug Possessed -- Possession And Memory -- The Relevance Of Quantity To Possession -- Where Drugs Have Been Consumed -- Summary Of Key Points -- 4 POSSESSION: PROHIBITED DRUGS AND DEFENCES -- Proving The Drug Is Prohibited -- The Legislative Provisions: Section 2 And Schedule 2 -- Temporary Class Drugs Orders -- The Provisions Of Section 2a And 2b -- Possession Of A Temporary Class Drug Is Not An Offence -- The Burden Of Proof: Forensic Analysis -- Cases Involving Cocaine -- Forensic Evidence Is Not Always Required -- Admissions -- Defences -- Section 5(4): Lawful Intention -- Section 28: Lack Of Knowledge -- The Parameters Of Section 28 (2)-(3) -- Section 28 And The Burden Of Proof.

'To Prove': Not A Legal Burden But An Evidential Burden -- Self-induced Intoxication And The Objective Limb Of A Section 28 Defence -- Section 28 Does Not Apply To Those Charged With Conspiracy -- Lawful Possession -- Section 7 of the MDA 1971 -- Self-Treatment -- The Failed Defence Of Medical Necessity -- Section 10 Of The Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971 -- The Misuse Of Drugs Regulations -- The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 -- The Meaning Of Psychoactive Substance -- The Offences In Brief Overview -- Simple Possession Is Not An Offence -- Exemptions -- Summary Of Key Points -- 5 SUPPLY AND BEING CONCERNED IN SUPPLY -- The Offences -- A Brief Overview -- The Meaning Of Supply -- A Physical Transfer Of Control Is Required -- Issuing a Prescription is not an Act of Supply -- The Supply Must Be To The Benefit Of/For The Purposes Of The Recipient -- The Transfer Of Drugs To A Custodian Or Courier Is Not An Act Of Supply -- A Custodian Who Returns Drugs Is Guilty Of Supplying Them -- The Decision In Maginnis -- Involuntary Possession And Intent To Supply -- Territorial Restrictions On The Provisions Of The Misuse Of Drugs Act -- Supplying Includes Distributing -- Being in Joint Possession is no Defence -- The Case Of Harris: Administering Is Not Supplying -- Making An Offer To Supply -- Scenario 1 -- Scenario 2 -- Scenario 3 -- An Offer To Supply Remains Until It Is Either Resiled From Or Has Been Completed -- An Offer Of Consumption Is An Offer To Supply -- Being Concerned In The Supply/Offer To Supply Drugs -- A Broad Construction -- The Hughes Definition -- Is Proof Of An Actual Supply Of Controlled Drugs Required To Be Found Guilty Of Being Concerned In It? -- Supply To 'Another' -- Summary Of Key Points -- 6 POSSESSION WITH INTENT TO SUPPLY -- The Offence -- Overview -- An Intention To Supply Does Not Require An Intention To Make Financial Gain.

An Intention To Supply A Different Drug To The One Charged Affords No Defence -- An Intention To Supply Need Not Be An Intention To Supply Immediately -- Section 5(3) And Possessing Drugs Not Ready For Harvest -- Motive Is Irrelevant -- Proving Intention -- The Quantity Of Drugs Possessed -- Expert Evidence On Consumption Patterns -- The Admissibility Of Evidence Of An Extravagant Lifestyle/ Possession of Money -- Directing the Jury -- Where A Guilty Plea To Possession Is Offered -- Aggravated Supply -- Lawful Supply -- Summary Of Key Points -- 7 OCCUPIERS OF PREMISES -- Overview -- Being The Occupier Or Concerned In The Management Of The Premises -- Permitting Premises To Be Used For Drug Offending -- Liability Pursuant To Section 8 Of The 1971 Act -- What Constitutes Premises, In Section 8? -- Knowledge -- Investigatory Powers -- Entry, Search And Seizure -- Enlarged Investigatory Powers: The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 -- Prohibition Orders: The 2016 Act -- Anti-Social Behaviour (Interim) Orders -- Summary Of Key Points -- 8 CONSPIRACY AND CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL OFFENCES -- Introduction -- The Indictment -- What Is An Agreement? -- Qualified Agreements -- Parties To The Agreement -- Criminal Conduct -- Mens Rea Of Conspiracy -- Impossibility -- Proving Agreement -- Acquittal of the Co-Conspirator -- Jurisdiction -- Co-Conspirator Based Abroad -- Domestic Conspiracies to Commit an Offence Abroad -- Conspiracy Formed Abroad to Commit an Offence in England and Wales -- Conspiracy Formed Abroad to Commit an Offence Abroad -- Summary Of Key Points -- 9 SEARCH AND SEIZURE -- Powers Of Search And Seizure -- Obstruction Of Searches -- Return Of Seized Property -- Forfeiture And Destruction Of Seized Property -- Summary Of Key Points -- 10 FORENSIC AND COVERT EVIDENCE -- Expert Forensic Evidence -- Forensic Analysis Of Drugs And Drug Traces.

Covert Evidence -- Impact Of Non-Compliance -- Admissibilty Of Covert Evidence -- Covert Policing And Agents Provocateurs -- Summary Of Key Points -- 11 SENTENCING FOR DRUGS OFFENCES -- The Sentence Guidelines -- Applying The Guidelines -- Culpability -- Harm -- Conspiracy Offences -- Importation -- Supplying Or Offering To Supply A Drug -- Class A Drugs -- Class B or Class C drugs -- Prevalence of Supply -- Cuckoo-ing -- Production And/Or Cultivation -- Permitting Premises To Be Used For Consumption Of A Drug -- Possession Of A Controlled Drug -- Sentences For Servicemen And Women -- Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 -- Ancillary Orders -- Confiscation -- Forfeiture -- Summary Of Key Points -- 12 RESTRAINT AND CONFISCATION -- Introduction -- Restraint Orders -- Confiscation Proceedings -- Instigation of confiscation proceedings -- Procedure -- Provision of Information by Defendant: section 18 -- Prosecutor's Statement of Information: section 16 -- Defendant's response to Statement of Information: section 17 -- The Determinations To Be Made By The Court -- Criminal Lifestyle -- Criminal conduct -- Benefit -- Couriers and custodians -- The Corporate veil -- Joint benefit -- Value -- Assumptions as to benefit -- Recoverable Amount -- Available Amount -- Determination of Extent of Defendant's Interest in Property -- Legal aid contributions from Capital -- Making The Order -- Time to pay -- Interest on unpaid sums -- Period in default -- Variation Of An Order -- Application by the defendant -- Applications by the prosecution -- Enforcement -- Public Funding For Confiscation Proceedings -- Summary Of Key Points -- Appendix A Extracts from MDA 1971 -- Appendix B Extracts from PSA 2016 -- Appendix C Extracts from PACE 1984 -- Appendix D Drug Offences Definitive Guideline -- Index.

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