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Special Tax Zones in the Era of International Tax Coordination.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Amsterdam : IBFD Publications USA, Incorporated, 2019Copyright date: ©2019Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (597 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9789087225506
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Special Tax Zones in the Era of International Tax CoordinationDDC classification:
  • 343.05259999999998
LOC classification:
  • K4475 .S643 2019
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Part I: Setting the Scene -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Special Tax Zones -- 1.1. Preliminary matters -- 1.2. What is a special tax zone? -- 1.3. Structure of the book -- 1.3.1. Topical studies -- 1.3.2. Country survey -- 1.3.3. Conclusions and recommendations -- Part II: Topical Studies -- Chapter 2: The Concept of Special Tax Zones -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Analysis of the assumptions -- 2.2.1. Special systems -- 2.2.2. Free trade zones, customs warehousing and free ports -- 2.2.2.1. Free trade zones -- 2.2.2.2. Customs warehousing -- 2.2.2.3. Free ports -- 2.2.3. Free trade areas and customs unions -- 2.2.4. Improper FTZs -- 2.2.5. Tax havens -- 2.3. Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Types of Special Tax Zones -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Free trade zones -- 3.3. Customs bonded warehouses -- 3.4. Export processing zones -- 3.5. Free ports -- 3.6. Specialized zones -- 3.7. Single factories -- 3.8. Enterprise zones -- 3.9. Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Constitutional Framework of Tax Free Zones -- 4.1. Tax incentives, concept and modalities -- 4.1.1. Concept of incentives -- 4.1.2. Effects of taxes -- 4.2. Economic development and public finances -- 4.3. Constitutional framework of tax benefits -- 4.3.1. The principle of equality enshrined in constitutional texts -- 4.3.2. Tax incentives and the principles of equality and ability to pay -- 4.3.3. Justification for tax justice -- 4.3.4. Justification for "economic" constitution -- 4.3.5. Justification for social welfare and solidarity -- 4.4. Latin American theory -- 4.4.1. VII ILADT Conference (Caracas 1975) -- 4.4.2. XXI ILADT Conference (Genoa 2002) -- 4.5. Tax free zones and BEPS -- 4.5.1. The current problems of free zones: The incidence of BEPS Action 5 -- 4.5.2. BEPS Action 5 -- 4.5.3. Preferential tax regimes -- 4.5.3.1. Preferential tax regimes and BEPS Action 5.
4.5.3.2. Characterizing element in preferential tax regimes -- 4.5.3.3. Economic effects of preferential regimes -- 4.5.3.4. Substantial activity -- 4.5.3.4.1. Concept -- 4.5.3.4.2. Application of the nexus approach guide -- 4.6. Tax free zones in Uruguay and the BEPS standard -- 4.7. Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Tax Policy and Special Tax Zones -- 5.1. Object, methodology and scope -- 5.2. Tax incentives and the use of taxes for regulatory purposes -- 5.3. The specific policy goals pursued by special tax zones -- 5.4. Legal constraints -- 5.4.1. General aspects -- 5.4.1.1. National legal constraints -- 5.4.1.2. Supranational legal constraints -- 5.4.1.3. International legal constraints -- 5.5. Tax distortions, protection of competition and the policy of international tax coordination for special tax zones -- 5.6. Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 6: Special Tax Zones from a Tax Treaty Perspective -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. General description of tax treaty application in STZs -- 6.2.1. Treatment in the investor's country of residence -- 6.2.2. Treatment in the STZ country -- 6.3. Detailed analysis of tax treaty aspects of STZs: The scope of the treaty -- 6.3.1. Personal scope -- 6.3.2. Geographical scope of the tax treaty -- 6.3.3. Taxes covered -- 6.4. Detailed analysis of tax treaty aspects of STZs: The allocation provisions -- 6.4.1. Ring-fencing provisions -- 6.4.2. Temporary tax benefits -- 6.4.3. Reduced tax rate or reduced tax base -- 6.4.4. 0% tax rate or full exemption of profits -- 6.4.5. Requirements for enjoying a favourable regime in an STZ are no longer met -- 6.5. Brief analysis of tax treaty aspects of STZs: Articles 24, 25, 26 and 27 -- 6.5.1. Article 24 -- 6.5.2. Article 25 -- 6.5.3. Articles 26 and 27 -- 6.6. Some remarks on BEPS Action 6 and the new 2016 US Model -- 6.6.1. Primary notes -- 6.6.2. Special tax regimes.
6.6.3. Certain future changes in a country's domestic tax law -- 6.7. Some remarks on BEPS Action 5 -- 6.8. Final remarks and conclusions -- Chapter 7: Special Tax Zones and the World Trade Organization -- 7.1. Tax competition and special tax zones -- 7.2. The WTO rules and STZs -- 7.2.1. Overview of the WTO regime -- 7.2.2. Red-light STZs -- 7.2.3. Yellow-light STZs -- 7.2.4. Green-light STZs -- 7.3. Inconsistencies in the current WTO regime -- 7.3.1. Good intentions, but unfair outcomes -- 7.3.2. Case study 1: Manufacturing STZs in the developing world: The Costa Rica Duty-Free Zone -- 7.3.3. Case study 2: Manufacturing STZs in the developed world: The US DISC-FSC disputes -- 7.3.4. Case study 3: Service/financial STZs in the developed world: The interest portfolio exemption -- 7.4. EU State aid rules and STZs -- 7.4.1. Overview of the EU State aid rules -- 7.4.2. Incompatible State aid -- 7.4.3. Compatible State aid -- 7.4.4. State aid and STZs -- 7.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 8: Are the Special Tax Zone Policies Effective? Evidence from China's Economic and Technological Development Zones -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.1.1. The relevance of effectiveness of special tax zone policies in the post-BEPS era -- 8.1.2. Difficulties in measuring the effectiveness of the STZ policies and the reason for choosing China for analysis -- 8.2. The evolution of ETDZs in China -- 8.2.1. From the early 1980s to 2007 -- 8.2.2. From 2008 to present -- 8.3. The data -- 8.3.1. The ETDZs covered -- 8.3.2. The regions covered -- 8.3.3. The Chinese manufacturing survey data -- 8.3.4. CIT burden and main economic indicators of sample regions with and without ETDZs -- 8.4. The methodology and model -- 8.4.1. Strategy of measuring the effectiveness of STZ policies -- 8.4.2. The model -- 8.4.2.1. Measuring the tax cut effects.
8.4.2.2. Measuring the effects of ETDZs on the main economic indicators -- 8.4.2.3. Measuring the effects of ETDZs on the main economic indicators that result from the tax cuts -- 8.4.2.4. Measuring the spillover effects of ETDZs -- 8.5. The results -- 8.5.1. The tax cut effects -- 8.5.2. The effects of ETDZs on the main economic indicators -- 8.5.3. The effects of ETDZs on the main economic indicators that result from the tax cuts -- 8.5.4. The spillover effects of ETDZs -- 8.6. Conclusion -- Chapter 9: Tax Effectiveness and Efficiency: Entities in Special Tax Zones -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Conceptual framework -- 9.2.1. Related common concepts -- 9.2.2. Basics of corporations -- 9.2.3. Tax incentives: The micro perspective -- 9.2.4. Effective tax system -- 9.2.5. Business factors and decisions on STZ locations -- 9.2.6. Tax incentives and corporate responsibility -- 9.3. Effectiveness and efficiency -- 9.3.1. Tax effectiveness -- 9.3.2. Tax efficiency -- 9.4. STZs, effectiveness and efficiency in practice -- 9.4.1. Corporate tax management -- 9.4.2. International tax framework and STZ entities -- 9.4.3. Empirical findings on effectiveness -- 9.4.4. Empirical findings on efficiency -- 9.4.5. Government versus corporations on tax incentives -- 9.5. Conclusions -- Chapter 10: Free Ports for Art: Special Tax Zones as Cultural Policy Incentives? -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Examples of free ports for art -- 10.3. Tax aspects of free ports and relation to the concept of STZs -- 10.4. Policy reasons for opening free ports for art -- 10.5. Controversy regarding free ports and some solutions -- 10.6. Conclusion -- Chapter 11: Implications of Value Added Tax and Free Trade Zones -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. The current notion of FTZs -- 11.3. Companies that may operate as FTZ entities in Latin America -- 11.3.1. Common remarks.
11.3.2. FTZ administrative entities (operator users) -- 11.3.3. FTZ industrial entities (users of goods or services) -- 11.3.4. Commercial FTZ entities -- 11.4. VAT and its application within the FTZ regime -- 11.4.1. Common remarks -- 11.4.1.1. Extraterritoriality -- 11.4.1.2. Exclusivity and its expectations -- 11.4.1.3. Priority of the FTZ regime over other tax regulations -- 11.4.1.4. The FTZ regime is an exceptional regime -- 11.4.1.5. Area requirements -- 11.4.1.6. Principle of non-initiation of activities -- 11.4.1.7. Non-relocation principle -- 11.4.2. VAT treatment: An analysis of the possible operations in an FTZ regime -- 11.4.2.1. Operations from the national customs territory to FTZs: Sales of goods -- 11.4.2.2. Operations from the national customs territory to FTZs: Service provision -- 11.4.2.3. Operations from FTZs to the national customs territory: Sales of goods -- 11.4.2.4. Further operational alternatives between FTZs and the outside world -- 11.4.2.5. Operations between FTZ industrial entities -- 11.5. Conclusions -- Chapter 12: The Possibility of BEPS through SEZs: A Critique of the South African and Kenyan SEZ Regimes Based on BEPS Action 5 -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.1.1. Background to study -- 12.1.1.1. Synopsis of South Africa's SEZ regime -- 12.1.1.2. Synopsis of Kenya's SEZ regime -- 12.1.2. Key research issues -- 12.1.3. Chapter outline -- 12.2. Common features of SEZs in the context of BEPS Action 5 -- 12.2.1. Introduction -- 12.2.2. What is a harmful preferential tax regime? -- 12.2.3. Step 1: May common features of SEZs constitute preferential regimes? -- 12.2.4. Step 2: May common tax features of SEZs constitute potentially harmful preferential regimes? -- 12.2.4.1. Substantial activity requirement -- 12.2.5. Step 3: May common features of SEZs constitute actually harmful preferential regimes? -- 12.2.6. Conclusion.
12.3. The South African SEZ regime in the context of BEPS Action 5.
Summary: This book provides a comprehensive analysis of special tax zones, addressing their issues from the perspectives of comparative, international and European tax law.
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Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Part I: Setting the Scene -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Special Tax Zones -- 1.1. Preliminary matters -- 1.2. What is a special tax zone? -- 1.3. Structure of the book -- 1.3.1. Topical studies -- 1.3.2. Country survey -- 1.3.3. Conclusions and recommendations -- Part II: Topical Studies -- Chapter 2: The Concept of Special Tax Zones -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Analysis of the assumptions -- 2.2.1. Special systems -- 2.2.2. Free trade zones, customs warehousing and free ports -- 2.2.2.1. Free trade zones -- 2.2.2.2. Customs warehousing -- 2.2.2.3. Free ports -- 2.2.3. Free trade areas and customs unions -- 2.2.4. Improper FTZs -- 2.2.5. Tax havens -- 2.3. Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Types of Special Tax Zones -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Free trade zones -- 3.3. Customs bonded warehouses -- 3.4. Export processing zones -- 3.5. Free ports -- 3.6. Specialized zones -- 3.7. Single factories -- 3.8. Enterprise zones -- 3.9. Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Constitutional Framework of Tax Free Zones -- 4.1. Tax incentives, concept and modalities -- 4.1.1. Concept of incentives -- 4.1.2. Effects of taxes -- 4.2. Economic development and public finances -- 4.3. Constitutional framework of tax benefits -- 4.3.1. The principle of equality enshrined in constitutional texts -- 4.3.2. Tax incentives and the principles of equality and ability to pay -- 4.3.3. Justification for tax justice -- 4.3.4. Justification for "economic" constitution -- 4.3.5. Justification for social welfare and solidarity -- 4.4. Latin American theory -- 4.4.1. VII ILADT Conference (Caracas 1975) -- 4.4.2. XXI ILADT Conference (Genoa 2002) -- 4.5. Tax free zones and BEPS -- 4.5.1. The current problems of free zones: The incidence of BEPS Action 5 -- 4.5.2. BEPS Action 5 -- 4.5.3. Preferential tax regimes -- 4.5.3.1. Preferential tax regimes and BEPS Action 5.

4.5.3.2. Characterizing element in preferential tax regimes -- 4.5.3.3. Economic effects of preferential regimes -- 4.5.3.4. Substantial activity -- 4.5.3.4.1. Concept -- 4.5.3.4.2. Application of the nexus approach guide -- 4.6. Tax free zones in Uruguay and the BEPS standard -- 4.7. Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Tax Policy and Special Tax Zones -- 5.1. Object, methodology and scope -- 5.2. Tax incentives and the use of taxes for regulatory purposes -- 5.3. The specific policy goals pursued by special tax zones -- 5.4. Legal constraints -- 5.4.1. General aspects -- 5.4.1.1. National legal constraints -- 5.4.1.2. Supranational legal constraints -- 5.4.1.3. International legal constraints -- 5.5. Tax distortions, protection of competition and the policy of international tax coordination for special tax zones -- 5.6. Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 6: Special Tax Zones from a Tax Treaty Perspective -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. General description of tax treaty application in STZs -- 6.2.1. Treatment in the investor's country of residence -- 6.2.2. Treatment in the STZ country -- 6.3. Detailed analysis of tax treaty aspects of STZs: The scope of the treaty -- 6.3.1. Personal scope -- 6.3.2. Geographical scope of the tax treaty -- 6.3.3. Taxes covered -- 6.4. Detailed analysis of tax treaty aspects of STZs: The allocation provisions -- 6.4.1. Ring-fencing provisions -- 6.4.2. Temporary tax benefits -- 6.4.3. Reduced tax rate or reduced tax base -- 6.4.4. 0% tax rate or full exemption of profits -- 6.4.5. Requirements for enjoying a favourable regime in an STZ are no longer met -- 6.5. Brief analysis of tax treaty aspects of STZs: Articles 24, 25, 26 and 27 -- 6.5.1. Article 24 -- 6.5.2. Article 25 -- 6.5.3. Articles 26 and 27 -- 6.6. Some remarks on BEPS Action 6 and the new 2016 US Model -- 6.6.1. Primary notes -- 6.6.2. Special tax regimes.

6.6.3. Certain future changes in a country's domestic tax law -- 6.7. Some remarks on BEPS Action 5 -- 6.8. Final remarks and conclusions -- Chapter 7: Special Tax Zones and the World Trade Organization -- 7.1. Tax competition and special tax zones -- 7.2. The WTO rules and STZs -- 7.2.1. Overview of the WTO regime -- 7.2.2. Red-light STZs -- 7.2.3. Yellow-light STZs -- 7.2.4. Green-light STZs -- 7.3. Inconsistencies in the current WTO regime -- 7.3.1. Good intentions, but unfair outcomes -- 7.3.2. Case study 1: Manufacturing STZs in the developing world: The Costa Rica Duty-Free Zone -- 7.3.3. Case study 2: Manufacturing STZs in the developed world: The US DISC-FSC disputes -- 7.3.4. Case study 3: Service/financial STZs in the developed world: The interest portfolio exemption -- 7.4. EU State aid rules and STZs -- 7.4.1. Overview of the EU State aid rules -- 7.4.2. Incompatible State aid -- 7.4.3. Compatible State aid -- 7.4.4. State aid and STZs -- 7.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 8: Are the Special Tax Zone Policies Effective? Evidence from China's Economic and Technological Development Zones -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.1.1. The relevance of effectiveness of special tax zone policies in the post-BEPS era -- 8.1.2. Difficulties in measuring the effectiveness of the STZ policies and the reason for choosing China for analysis -- 8.2. The evolution of ETDZs in China -- 8.2.1. From the early 1980s to 2007 -- 8.2.2. From 2008 to present -- 8.3. The data -- 8.3.1. The ETDZs covered -- 8.3.2. The regions covered -- 8.3.3. The Chinese manufacturing survey data -- 8.3.4. CIT burden and main economic indicators of sample regions with and without ETDZs -- 8.4. The methodology and model -- 8.4.1. Strategy of measuring the effectiveness of STZ policies -- 8.4.2. The model -- 8.4.2.1. Measuring the tax cut effects.

8.4.2.2. Measuring the effects of ETDZs on the main economic indicators -- 8.4.2.3. Measuring the effects of ETDZs on the main economic indicators that result from the tax cuts -- 8.4.2.4. Measuring the spillover effects of ETDZs -- 8.5. The results -- 8.5.1. The tax cut effects -- 8.5.2. The effects of ETDZs on the main economic indicators -- 8.5.3. The effects of ETDZs on the main economic indicators that result from the tax cuts -- 8.5.4. The spillover effects of ETDZs -- 8.6. Conclusion -- Chapter 9: Tax Effectiveness and Efficiency: Entities in Special Tax Zones -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Conceptual framework -- 9.2.1. Related common concepts -- 9.2.2. Basics of corporations -- 9.2.3. Tax incentives: The micro perspective -- 9.2.4. Effective tax system -- 9.2.5. Business factors and decisions on STZ locations -- 9.2.6. Tax incentives and corporate responsibility -- 9.3. Effectiveness and efficiency -- 9.3.1. Tax effectiveness -- 9.3.2. Tax efficiency -- 9.4. STZs, effectiveness and efficiency in practice -- 9.4.1. Corporate tax management -- 9.4.2. International tax framework and STZ entities -- 9.4.3. Empirical findings on effectiveness -- 9.4.4. Empirical findings on efficiency -- 9.4.5. Government versus corporations on tax incentives -- 9.5. Conclusions -- Chapter 10: Free Ports for Art: Special Tax Zones as Cultural Policy Incentives? -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Examples of free ports for art -- 10.3. Tax aspects of free ports and relation to the concept of STZs -- 10.4. Policy reasons for opening free ports for art -- 10.5. Controversy regarding free ports and some solutions -- 10.6. Conclusion -- Chapter 11: Implications of Value Added Tax and Free Trade Zones -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. The current notion of FTZs -- 11.3. Companies that may operate as FTZ entities in Latin America -- 11.3.1. Common remarks.

11.3.2. FTZ administrative entities (operator users) -- 11.3.3. FTZ industrial entities (users of goods or services) -- 11.3.4. Commercial FTZ entities -- 11.4. VAT and its application within the FTZ regime -- 11.4.1. Common remarks -- 11.4.1.1. Extraterritoriality -- 11.4.1.2. Exclusivity and its expectations -- 11.4.1.3. Priority of the FTZ regime over other tax regulations -- 11.4.1.4. The FTZ regime is an exceptional regime -- 11.4.1.5. Area requirements -- 11.4.1.6. Principle of non-initiation of activities -- 11.4.1.7. Non-relocation principle -- 11.4.2. VAT treatment: An analysis of the possible operations in an FTZ regime -- 11.4.2.1. Operations from the national customs territory to FTZs: Sales of goods -- 11.4.2.2. Operations from the national customs territory to FTZs: Service provision -- 11.4.2.3. Operations from FTZs to the national customs territory: Sales of goods -- 11.4.2.4. Further operational alternatives between FTZs and the outside world -- 11.4.2.5. Operations between FTZ industrial entities -- 11.5. Conclusions -- Chapter 12: The Possibility of BEPS through SEZs: A Critique of the South African and Kenyan SEZ Regimes Based on BEPS Action 5 -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.1.1. Background to study -- 12.1.1.1. Synopsis of South Africa's SEZ regime -- 12.1.1.2. Synopsis of Kenya's SEZ regime -- 12.1.2. Key research issues -- 12.1.3. Chapter outline -- 12.2. Common features of SEZs in the context of BEPS Action 5 -- 12.2.1. Introduction -- 12.2.2. What is a harmful preferential tax regime? -- 12.2.3. Step 1: May common features of SEZs constitute preferential regimes? -- 12.2.4. Step 2: May common tax features of SEZs constitute potentially harmful preferential regimes? -- 12.2.4.1. Substantial activity requirement -- 12.2.5. Step 3: May common features of SEZs constitute actually harmful preferential regimes? -- 12.2.6. Conclusion.

12.3. The South African SEZ regime in the context of BEPS Action 5.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of special tax zones, addressing their issues from the perspectives of comparative, international and European tax law.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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