Taxable Supplies and Their Consideration in European VAT : With Selected Examples of the Digital Economy.

Cover -- IBFD Doctoral Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Research questions and methodology -- 1.1.1. Research objectives and structure -- 1.1.2. Methodology -- 1.2. The digital economy - Challenges ahead for VAT? -- 1.2.1. Functioning and impact of the digital economy -- 1.2.2. Legislative approach to covering the digital economy -- Chapter 2: The European Value Added Tax System -- 2.1. Development -- 2.2. Aim and purpose of VAT -- 2.2.1. VAT as a tax on transactions or as tax on consumption? -- 2.2.2. VAT and the neutrality principle -- 2.2.3. VAT as a tax on value added -- 2.2.4. VAT as a tax on expenditure for consumption -- 2.3. Requirements for the performance of taxable supplies -- 2.3.1. Taxable person -- 2.3.1.1. Any person -- 2.3.1.2. Independence -- 2.3.2. Economic activities -- Chapter 3: Taxable Supplies According to Article 2 of the VAT Directive -- 3.1. The importance of defining taxable supplies -- 3.2. Distinction between supply of goods and services -- 3.2.1. Supply of goods -- 3.2.1.1. Goods -- 3.2.1.2. Transfer of the right to dispose of tangible property as owner -- 3.2.1.2.1. Right to dispose -- 3.2.1.2.2. Transfer of the right to dispose -- 3.2.2. Supply of services -- 3.2.2.1. Distinct or composite supply? -- 3.3. Characteristics of supplies -- 3.3.1. Content of supplies -- 3.3.1.1. Introductory example -- 3.3.1.2. Consumable benefit -- 3.3.1.3. Identifiable customer -- 3.3.1.4. Common interest -- 3.3.1.5. Unlawful supplies -- 3.3.2. Purpose of the supply -- Chapter 4: For Consideration -- 4.1. Characteristics of consideration for supplies -- 4.1.1. Content of consideration -- 4.1.1.1. Consideration in money -- 4.1.1.1.1. Consideration actually received -- 4.1.1.1.2. Symbolic amount of consideration -- 4.1.1.1.3. Non-consideration -- 4.1.1.2. Consideration in kind.

4.1.2. Value of the consideration -- 4.1.2.1. Subjective value of the consideration -- 4.1.2.2. Open market value -- 4.2. Connecting supply and consideration -- 4.2.1. Legal relationship -- 4.2.1.1. Aim of the legal relationship -- 4.2.1.1.1. Specification of the supply -- 4.2.1.1.2. Specification of supplier and consumer -- 4.2.1.2. Reciprocity -- 4.2.1.3. Legal nature of the legal relationship -- 4.2.2. Direct link between supply and consideration -- 4.2.2.1. Criteria for assessing whether there is a direct link -- 4.2.2.1.1. General criteria -- 4.2.2.1.2. The relevant perspective for determining the direct link -- 4.2.2.2. Willingness to perform and receive a supply expressed as the direct link -- 4.2.2.2.1. Willingness to perform a supply -- 4.2.2.2.2. Willingness to receive a supply -- 4.3. Payments that do not constitute a consideration -- 4.3.1. Compensatory damages -- 4.3.2. Donations -- 4.4. Membership fees and subscription fees -- 4.4.1. Payment of a consideration for which type of consumable benefit? -- 4.4.2. Consideration directly linked to the supply? -- 4.5. Third-party payments -- 4.5.1. When is a third-party payment directly linked to the supply? -- 4.5.2. Criteria for the taxability of third-party payments -- 4.5.3. Classifying third-party payments -- 4.5.3.1. Consideration: "Pseudo" subsidies -- 4.5.3.2. Third-party payments directly linked to the supply: Price subsidies -- 4.5.3.3. "Real" subsidies -- 4.5.4. Summary -- Chapter 5: Selected Issues of the Digital Economy -- 5.1. The sale of e-tickets to "no-show" consumers -- 5.1.1. How should e-tickets be treated for VAT purposes? -- 5.1.2. Supply of a consumable benefit -- 5.1.3. Direct link of supply and consideration: Compatible with older ECJ case law? -- 5.1.4. Summary -- 5.2. Virtual currencies -- 5.2.1. Definition and categorization -- 5.2.1.1. Types of virtual currencies.

5.2.1.2. Definition of money -- 5.2.2. Exchanging virtual currencies -- 5.2.2.1. Unidirectional virtual money -- 5.2.2.2. Bidirectional virtual currencies: In-game money -- 5.2.2.2.1. The supply of in-game money in consideration for legal tender -- 5.2.2.2.2. The supply of legal tender in consideration for in-game money -- 5.2.2.3. Bidirectional virtual currencies: Cryptocurrencies -- 5.2.2.4. Summary -- 5.2.3. In-game transactions -- 5.2.3.1. Virtual supplies -- 5.2.3.2. Virtual consideration -- 5.2.3.3. Link of virtual supplies and virtual consideration -- 5.2.3.4. Summary -- 5.2.4. Mining of cryptocurrencies -- 5.2.4.1. What is bitcoin mining? -- 5.2.4.2. Supply of a consumable benefit? -- 5.2.4.3. Supply of a benefit to an identifiable customer? -- 5.2.4.4. Consideration for mining activities? -- 5.2.4.5. Legal relationship between miner and consumer? -- 5.2.4.6. Direct link of consideration for mining activities? -- 5.2.4.7. Summary -- 5.3. Taxation of online portals -- 5.3.1. What are online portals all about? -- 5.3.1.1. Description of online portals -- 5.3.1.2. The role of personal data -- 5.3.2. VAT implications of online portals -- 5.3.2.1. The supply of online portals -- 5.3.2.2. Personal data as a consideration -- 5.3.2.3. The connection between the supply of access to the online portal and its consideration -- 5.3.2.3.1. The relationship between the supplier and the consumer -- 5.3.2.3.2. The relationship with third parties -- 5.3.3. Taxing transactions taking place on online portals -- 5.3.3.1. Description of the collaborative economy -- 5.3.3.2. The collaborative economy and VAT -- 5.3.3.2.1. Who receives a supply? -- 5.3.3.2.2. Who pays the consideration? -- 5.3.4. Summary -- Chapter 6: Conclusion -- 6.1. A need for a substantive change? -- 6.2. Tax policy decision: To tax or not to tax? -- 6.2.1. Taxable supplies.

6.2.2. A virtual VAT for virtual transactions -- 6.2.3. Non-taxable supplies -- 6.3. Future research -- References -- Other Titles in the IBFD Doctoral Series.

This book provides an analysis of the application of basic concepts of the European value added tax system to transactions in the digital economy.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.