Progress and Challenges of Nonfinancial Defined Contribution Pension Schemes : Volume 2. Addressing Gender, Administration, and Communication.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Part VI. Family and Gender -- Chapter 17. Gender and Family: Conceptual Overview -- Chapter 18. Drivers of the Gender Gap in Pensions: Evidence from EU-SILC and the OECD Pension Models -- Chapter 19. The Impact of Lifetime Events on Pensions: Nonfinancial Defined Contribution Schemes in Poland, Italy, and Sweden, and the Point Scheme in Germany -- Chapter 20. Bridging Partner Life-Cycle Earnings and Pension Gaps by Sharing Nonfinancial Defined Contribution Accounts -- Part VII. NDC Prospects in Emerging Market Economies -- Chapter 21. Administrative Requirements and Prospects for Universal Nonfinancial Defined Contribution Schemes in Emerging Market Economies -- Chapter 22. The Notional and the Real in China's Pension Reforms -- Chapter 23. Harnessing a Young Nation's Demographic Dividends through a Universal Nonfinancial Defined Contribution Pension Scheme: A Case Study of Tanzania -- Part VIII. Communicating with Participants -- Chapter 24. Communicating NEST Pensions for "New" DC Savers in the United Kingdom -- Chapter 25. Information and Financial Literacy for Socially Sustainable NDC Pension Schemes -- Chapter 26. Sweden's Fifteen Years of Communication Efforts -- Chapter 27. Setting Up a Communication Package for the Italian NDC -- Chapter 28. The Politics of NDC Pension Scheme Diffusion: Constraints and Drivers -- Part IX. Globalization: Portability, Taxes, and Private DC Supplements -- Chapter 29. Pensions in a Globalizing World: How Do (N)DC and (N)DB Schemes Fare and Compare on Portability and Taxation? -- Chapter 30. Developing Coherent Pension Systems: Design Issues for Private Pension Supplements to NDC Schemes -- Chapter 31. Closing Policy Panel: Observations and Reflections -- Boxes.

Box 17.1 Sweden: Faulty adjustment to increasing life expectancy -- Box 17.2 Sweden: The good news: Partial pensions -- Box 17.3 Survivors' pensions in Sweden -- Box 17.4 Accrual in an NDC plan shares risk -- Box 18.1 Measuring the GGP -- Box 18.2 Duration of employment and nonemployment spells -- Box 18.3 Simulating and decomposing the GGP -- Box 24.1 The national employment savings trust and automatic enrollment -- Box 24.2 Support from behavioral economics -- Figures -- Figure 18.1 Gender gap in pensions in European countries, 2003, 2007, and 2013 -- Figure 18.2 Gender gap in incidence of obtaining individual old-age pension in European countries, 2003, 2007, and 2013 -- Figure 18.3 Gender gap in average duration of employment spells for lifespans of 15-70 years in European countries, 2013 -- Figure 18.4 Gender gap in average duration of nonemployment spells for ages 15-70 in European countries, 2013 -- Figure 18.5 Gender pay gap (unadjusted) in European countries, 2016 or latest available -- Figure 18.6 Gender gap in annual labor earnings in European countries, 2013 or 2014 -- Figure 18.7 Gender gap in total labor earnings (including no earnings) and gender gap in pensions in European countries, 2013 or 2014 -- Figure 18.8 Progressivity of mandatory and voluntary pension schemes in European countries -- Figure B18.3.1 Average total annual earnings profile relative to average earnings for men and women -- Figure 18.9 Simulated gender gaps in pensions and actually observed ones in European countries -- Figure 18.10 Dynamics of simulated gender gaps in pensions in European countries, 2003-13 -- Figure 18.11 Decomposition of the simulated gender gap in pensions in European countries -- Figure 18.12 Child care-related career breaks of 1, 5, and 10 years and pension amounts in European countries.

Figure 18.13 Pension credits for child care and the simulated gender gap in pensions -- Figure 18.14 Gender differences in life expectancy at age 65 in European countries, 2016 -- Figure 18.15 Share of women in the total population, by age, in European countries, 2017 -- Figure 18.16 Gender gap in pensions by marital status in European countries, 2013 -- Figure 18.17 Share of European pensioners receiving survivors' benefits, by gender, 2015 -- Figure 19.1 The gap between men's and women's labor force participation rates, ages 20-64, 2002-16 -- Figure 19.2 Employment rates, by age group, gender, and country, 2002, 2010, and 2016 -- Figure 19.3 Differences between men's and women's employment rates by education, 2002-16 -- Figure 19.4 Part-time employment as a share of total employment ages 20-64, 2000-16 -- Figure 19.5 Raw hourly and monthly gender pay gaps, 2014 -- Figure 19.6 Age patterns of gender pay gap differences, 2014 -- Figure 19.7 Gender pay gaps by cohort, 2002-14 -- Figure 19.8 Stylized age profiles of labor income estimated using Labor Force Survey and European Structure of Earnings Survey data, 2014 -- Figure 19.9 Age profiles of labor income in four countries, National Transfer Accounts estimates, 2010 -- Figure 19.10 Conceptual diagram of a sequence of labor market episodes -- Figure 19.11 Labor market sequences of individual persons' job episodes in two clusters for women in Poland -- Figure 19.12 Average employment rates of men in full-time and part-time age profiles in two clusters: Interrupted career and full career -- Figure 19.13 Average employment rates for women in full-time and part-time age profiles in two clusters: Interrupted career and full career -- Figure 19.14 Hypothetical future pensions (HFPs) of men and women under different assumed country-specific labor force paths.

Figure 19.15 Pension levels using the Swedish nonfinancial defined contribution model and country-specific assumptions on wages and employment -- Figure 19.16 Comparison of hypothetical future pensions in Sweden with the other three countries -- Figure 19A.1 Individual work careers in four countries, by age and sex -- Figure 20.1 Comparing the earnings and pension bases of mothers and fathers before and after birth of the mother's first child -- Figure 20.2 Ratio of mothers' to fathers' pension base, by one-child-families and families with two or more children -- Figure 20.3 The rate of growth of income (income index), return on nonfinancial defined contribution accounts (income base), inflation, and pension divisor -- Figure 20.4 Taxable earned income for 2012 for married women born in 1956 -- Figure 20.5 Histogram of the difference in yearly taxable earned income for married couples, 2012 -- Figure 20.6 Projections of account balances from 2013 until the pension age of 65 -- Figure 20.7 Predicted distribution of monthly public pension for married women and men (once and still married) -- Figure 20.8 Distribution of projected monthly pensions, with and without sharing, for couples in which the woman was born in 1956 -- Figure 20.9 Distribution of projected monthly pensions, with and without sharing, for couples in which the woman was born in 1970 -- Figure 20.10 Projections of the share of wives and husbands (for each age cohort) who will be below the guarantee pension threshold, with and without sharing, and the effect of divorce -- Figure 21.1 Identification throughout the pension life cycle -- Figure 21.2 Yearly change in ratio of contributors to labor force in Mongolia, 2000-15 -- Figure 21.3 Mortality rates of Ghanaian contributors compared with United Nations data.

Figure 21.4 Mortality rate differentials in Mexico, by sex, national versus covered population -- Figure 22.1 Changes in main sources of retirement income in China, by urban and rural populations, between 2000, 2006, and 2010 -- Figure 22.2 China's retirement income system design -- Figure 22.3 Life expectancy at birth, by gender, in Australia, China, and Japan, 1901-2050 -- Figure 22.4 Historical and projected wage and price growth in China, 2000-60 -- Figure 22.5 Projection of number of members of Urban Employee Pension Scheme, 2015-60 -- Figure 22.6 Cash flow projection with nonfinancial defined contribution plan by 2030 and onward, under three different contribution rate groups -- Figure 23.1 Tanzania population trends -- Figure 25.1 Google Trends, online searches of pensions in France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.2 Google Trends, searches of Daesh (ISIS), immigrants, crime, unemployment, and pensions in France, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.3 Google Trends, searches of Daesh (ISIS), refugees, crime, unemployment, and pensions in Germany, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.4 Google Trends, searches of ISIS, immigrants, crime, unemployment, and pensions in Italy, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.5 Google Trends, searches of ISIS, immigrants, crime, unemployment, and pensions in Sweden, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.6 Google Trends, searches of ISIS, immigrants, crime, unemployment, and pensions in the United Kingdom, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.7 France: Google searches on pensions versus Le Monde articles on pensions, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.8 Germany: Google searches on pensions versus FAZ articles on pensions, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.9 Italy: Google searches on pensions versus Corriere della Sera articles on pensions, 2004-17 -- Figure 25.10 Sweden: Google searches on pensions versus Svenska Dagbladet articles on pensions, 2004-17.

Figure 25.11 United Kingdom: Google searches on pensions versus The Times articles on pensions, 2004-17.

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