Guide for Making Acute Risk Decisions.

Intro -- GUIDE FOR MAKING ACUTE RISK DECISIONS -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 History of Approaches to Process Safety Management -- 1.2 The Paradigm of Risk-Based Process Safety Management -- 1.2.1 Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) Management -- 1.2.2 Risk Decisions Characteristics -- 1.3 A Risk Decision Making Method -- 1.4 Road Map and Relationship of this Book with Other Material -- 1.5 Risk Decisions during Process Life Cycle -- 1.6 Pros and cons -- 1.7 Summary -- 2 Key Concepts in Risk Management -- 2.1 Risk Management Process -- 2.2 Risk Identification - Risk Scenario -- 2.2.1 Risk Identification -- 2.3 Risk Analysis - Consequences and Frequency -- 2.3.1 Consequences and Impacts -- 2.3.2 Frequency -- 2.3.3 Risk Estimation -- 2.4 Risk Evaluation -- 2.4.1 Decision criteria -- 2.4.2 Qualitative, Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative Risk Criteria -- 2.4.3 Risk Reduction Factor -- 2.5 Summary -- 3 Understanding Process Hazards, Consequences and Risks -- 3.1 Process Hazards -- 3.1.1 Acute Toxicity -- 3.1.2 Flammability and Explosivity -- 3.1.3 Chemical Reactivity -- 3.1.4 Significant or Large Environmental Release Hazards -- 3.1.5 Other Process Hazards -- 3.2 Risk Identification -- 3.3 Consequences and Impacts -- 3.4 Frequency -- 3.5 Risk -- 4 Risk Decisions and Strategies -- 4.1 Objectives and attributes -- 4.1.1 Objectives -- 4.1.2 Attributes -- 4.2 Process Life Cycle and Alternatives -- 4.3 The Decision Process -- 4.3.1 Define the Problem -- 4.3.2 Evaluate the Baseline Risk -- 4.3.3 Identify the Alternatives -- 4.3.4 Screen the Alternatives -- 4.3.5 Make the Decision -- 4.4 Objectives and Outcomes -- 4.5 Tradeoffs -- 4.6 Uncertainty -- 4.7 Risk Tolerance -- 4.8 Linked Decisions -- 4.9 Decision trees -- 5 Decision Making.

5.1 Defining the Decision Problem -- 5.1.1 Types of Decisions -- 5.2 Selecting a Decision Tool -- 5.2.1 Progression of Risk Analysis Tools -- 5.2.2 Factors in Decision Tool Selection -- 5.3 Assembling the Appropriate Assessment Resources -- 5.3.1 Team Members -- 5.3.2 Opening Meeting -- 5.3.2 Tools/Methods -- 5.3.3 Time -- 5.4 Define decision criteria -- 5.4.1 Process Safety Risk Criteria -- 5.4.2 Other Criteria -- 5.5 Making the decision -- 5.5.1 Characteristics of Decision Aids -- 5.5.2 Appling the Decision Tools, Aids, and Criteria -- 5.5.3 Recognizing and Dealing with Uncertainties -- 5.5.4 Recognizing the Need to Escalate the Decision -- 5.6 Finalizing decision and the approval process -- 5.7 Communicating, Documenting, and implementing the Decision -- 5.7 Summary -- 6 Potential Decision Traps -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Anchoring Trap -- 6.2.1 Anchoring Trap Example, Titanic -- 6.2.2 Countering the Anchoring Trap -- 6.3 Status-Quo Trap -- 6.3.1 Status Quo Examples -- 6.3.2 Countering the Status-Quo Trap -- 6.4 Sunk-cost and escalation of commitment trap -- 6.4.1 Countering the Sunk-Cost Trap -- 6.5 Confirming-Evidence Trap -- 6.5.1 Countering the Confirming Evidence Trap -- 6.6 Framing Trap -- 6.6.1 Framing Example -- 6.6.2 Countering the Framing Trap -- 6.7 Estimating and Forecasting Trap -- 6.7.1 Overconfidence -- 6.7.2 Prudence -- 6.7.3 Recallability -- 6.7.4 Countering Estimating and Forecasting Traps -- 6.8 Groupthink Trap -- 6.8.1 Groupthink Example, Flixborough, UK Explosion -- 6.8.2 Countering the Groupthink Trap -- 6.9 Summary -- 7 Inherently Safer Design -- 7.1 Introduction to inherently safer design -- 7.2 Inherently Safer Design Strategies -- 7.3 Hierarchy of Risk Management Controls -- 7.4 ISD examples to illustrate decision Process -- 7.4.1 Example with minimization -- 7.4.2 Example with moderation.

7.4.3 Example with simplification -- 7.4.3 Other tradeoffs -- Make versus buy -- Substitution -- 7.5 Summary -- 8 Management of Change -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Decision Approval level -- 8.3 Examples of Decision Process Applied to Changes -- 8.3.1 Equipment Change -- 8.3.2 Procedural Change -- 8.3.3 Process Parameter Change -- 8.3.4 Organizational Change -- 8.3.5 Raw Material Change -- 8.3.6 Vendor Change -- 8.4 Summary -- 9 Using LOPA and Risk Matrices in Risk Decisions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Risk Matrices -- 9.2.1 Risk Matrix Format -- 9.3 Layer of Protection Analysis -- 9.3.1 Independent Protection Layers -- 9.3.2 LOPA Format -- 9.4 Phosgene Handling Process for Risk Decision Example -- 9.4.1 Description -- 9.4.2 Risk Matrix for Phosgene Handling Example -- 9.5 Phosgene Example Decision Process Using Risk Matrix -- 9.6 Decision Process for Phosgene Example Using LOPA -- 9.7 Summary -- 10 Using QRA and Safety Risk Criteria in Risk Decisions -- 10.1 Introduction to CPQRA -- 10.1.1 Calculate Frequencies -- 10.1.2 Calculate Consequences -- 10.1.3 Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) -- 10.2 Safety Risk Criteria -- 10.2.1 Scope of Risk Criteria -- 10.2.2 Individual and Societal Risk -- 10.2.3 Continual Improvement -- 10.3 High Consequence Low Probability (HCLP) Events -- 10.4 Examples -- 10.4.1 Comparing Design Options: Bromine Handling Facility -- 10.4.2 Compliance and Continual Improvement: Organic Acid Vent System -- 10.4.3 Special Case: The Domino Effect -- 10.5 Summary -- 11 Decision Implementation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Implementation -- 11.3 Documentation -- 11.3.1 Importance of a decision document -- 11.3.2 Writing recommendations -- 11.3.3 Advice of legal counsel -- 11.3.4 Contents of the decision document -- 11.3.5 Retention of the decision document -- 11.4 Revalidation -- 11.4.1 Time based -- 11.4.2 Situation based -- 11.5 Summary.

12 Summary and Lessons -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Case Studies in Risk: Decision Making Failures -- 12.2.1 Failure to Define the Problem -- 12.2.2 Failure to Establish Baseline Risk and Identify Alternatives -- 12.2.3 Make the Decision - Failure to consider tradeoffs -- 12.2.4 Make the Decision - Failure to understand uncertainty -- 12.2.5 Make the Decision - Failure to do risk identification and Failure to probe risk tolerance -- 12.2.6 Make the Decision - Failure to recognize linked decisions -- 12.3 Lessons and Summary -- References -- Index -- EULA.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.