Forensic Anthropology : Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Notes on contributors -- Foreword -- Series preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 The theoretical and scientific foundations of forensic anthropology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A selective history of theory in forensic anthropology -- 1.3 A modern perspective on forensic anthropology theory -- 1.3.1 Three forms of logical reasoning -- 1.3.2 Theory building in forensic anthropology: Linking logic and theory -- 1.4 Forensic anthropology theory and modern practice -- 1.5 Final comments -- References -- Part 1 Bias and objectivity in forensic anthropology theory and practice -- Chapter 2 Subjective with a capital S? Issues of objectivity in forensic anthropology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objectivity, subjectivity, and forensic anthropological theory -- 2.3 Subjectivity in science -- 2.3.1 Subjectivity in forensic anthropology -- 2.3.2 Effects of bias on forensic anthropology -- 2.3.3 Subjective science is not bad science -- 2.4 Mitigated objectivity: A path forward… -- 2.4.1 Constraining subjectivity and bias -- 2.4.2 The continuing process of constraint -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Navigating cognitive bias in forensic anthropology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Types of cognitive bias -- 3.3 Research versus applied science -- 3.4 Recommended solutions to mitigate confirmation bias -- 3.5 Challenges unique to forensic anthropology -- 3.5.1 Anthropologists work in a variety of professional contexts -- 3.5.2 The uniqueness of the forensic anthropology testing sample -- 3.5.3 Multiple tests to reach a single conclusion -- 3.6 An example of how bias affects procedures -- 3.7 Workable solutions -- 3.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Theoretically interesting: Different perspectives of the application of theory to forensic anthropology practice and research.

4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Practising in context -- 4.3 Ethical considerations for the development of theory -- 4.4 Can theories be applied universally? -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part 2 The theory and science behind biological profile and personal identification -- Chapter 5 From Blumenbach to Howells: The slow, painful emergence of theory through forensic race estimation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Race as a concept and theory -- 5.2.1 Evolution, rather than race, explains human biological variation -- 5.2.2 Human variation is continuous -- 5.2.3 Human biological variation involves many traits that typically vary independently -- 5.2.4 Genetic variation within so-called races is much greater than the variation among them -- 5.2.5 There is no way to consistently classify human beings by race -- 5.3 Anthropology and race -- 5.4 Forensic anthropology and race -- 5.5 Race and the future -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 The application of theory in skeletal age estimation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Skeletal age -- 6.3 Historical context -- 6.4 Forensic anthropology and evolutionary biology -- 6.5 Potential solutions to the problem of age estimation -- 6.6 Final comments -- References -- Chapter 7 Theory and histological methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Foundational theory in bone biology -- 7.3 Interpretive theory in bone biology -- 7.3.1 Form and function -- 7.3.2 The mechanostat and Utah paradigm -- 7.3.3 Exploring the effectors of the mechanostat -- 7.4 Methodological theory in bone biology -- 7.4.1 Histological age estimation -- 7.4.2 Determining human versus nonhuman bone -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Forensic applications of isotope landscapes ("isoscapes"): A tool for predicting region-of-origin in forensic anthropology cases -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 What are isotopes?.

8.3 Why do isotope compositions of human tissues differ? -- 8.3.1 Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes -- 8.3.2 Strontium isotopes -- 8.3.3 Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes -- 8.4 How do we interpret isotope data collected for forensic human identification? -- 8.4.1 Oxygen isotopes in drinking water and hair keratin -- 8.4.2 Oxygen isotopes in drinking water and skeletal bioapatite -- 8.4.3 Strontium isotopes of local bedrock and skeletal remains -- 8.5 Examples of the application of isotope analysis to unidentified remains -- 8.5.1 Jane Doe from Salt Lake County -- 8.5.2 Mandible from Siskiyou County -- 8.6 What are the future applications of isotope analysis? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3 Scientific foundation for interpretations of antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem processes -- Chapter 9 The anatomical basis for fracture repair: Recognition of the healing continuum and its forensic applications to investigations of pediatric and elderly abuse -- 9.1 Introduction: Diagnosing pediatric and elderly non‐accidental injury -- 9.2 Theoretical basis for fracture healing and TSI estimation -- 9.3 Anatomical basis for fracture healing -- 9.3.1 Bone growth and development -- 9.3.2 Fracture healing -- 9.4 Factors affecting the rate of bone healing -- 9.4.1 The biological profile (age, sex, ancestry) -- 9.4.2 Type, location, cause, severity, and number of injuries -- 9.4.3 Injury treatment and local biomechanical factors -- 9.4.4 Systemic and other factors -- 9.5 Fracture healing stages and dating systems -- 9.6 A new model for fracture repair -- 9.7 Expanding and refining TSI estimation through the Antemortem Fracture Archive -- 9.8 Theory and the future of TSI estimation -- References -- Appendix A: Major fracture repair stages and TSI estimations -- Chapter 10 Theoretical foundation of child abuse -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case study.

10.3 Anthropologists and child abuse -- 10.4 Foundational theory -- 10.5 Interpretive theory -- 10.5.1 Bone biomechanics -- 10.5.2 Motor skill development -- 10.6 Methodological theory -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Bone trauma analysis in a forensic setting: Theoretical basis and a practical approach for evaluation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Theory -- 11.2.1 Foundational theory -- 11.2.2 Interpretive theory -- 11.2.3 Methodological theory -- 11.3 Fundamental principles in bone fracture interpretation -- 11.4 A practical approach to bone trauma evaluation and hypothesis building -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Thinking outside the box: Theory and innovation in sharp trauma analysis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Transfer of evidence -- 12.3 Theory connections -- 12.4 The human skeleton as transfer evidence -- 12.5 A primer on saws and dismemberment -- 12.6 Geographic information system -- 12.7 Applications of GIS in forensic anthropology and human osteology -- 12.8 GIS: innovation in cut mark striation interpretation -- 12.9 Locard and the twenty-first century: It's all a matter of scale -- References -- Chapter 13 The forensic anthropologist as broker for cross-disciplinary taphonomic research related to estimating the postmortem interval in medicolegal death investigations -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Taphonomy and taphonomic theory -- 13.3 Forensic taphonomy -- 13.4 Taphonomy and the estimation of time since death -- 13.5 The necrobiome -- 13.6 Cross-disciplinary research -- 13.6.1 Need for cross-disciplinary research in PMI estimation -- 13.6.2 Cross-disciplinary approaches -- 13.7 Overcoming barriers to cross-disciplinary research -- 13.8 Forensic anthropologists as brokers for unified theories in forensic taphonomy -- 13.8.1 Forensic anthropologists are already major players.

13.8.2 Anthropologists have a long history of conducting taphonomic research -- 13.8.3 Anthropology is traditionally a holistic field -- 13.8.4 Forensic anthropology has its roots in academic research -- 13.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 4 Interdisciplinary influences, legal ramifications, and future directions -- Chapter 14 Archaeological inference and its application to forensic anthropology -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Agency and nonlinear systems theories -- 14.3 Nonlinear modeling of the decomposition process -- 14.4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 15 Arrows of influence: The give and take of theory between forensic anthropology, archaeology, and geophysics -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Influences of archaeology on forensic anthropology -- 15.3 Influences of geophysics on forensic anthropology -- 15.4 "Backflow" to other disciplines: Site formation processes in archaeology -- 15.5 Backflow: Interpretation/understanding of geophysical signatures -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16 Forensic anthropology, scientific evidence, and the law: Why theory matters -- 16.1 Introduction: Theory in practice -- 16.1.1 Commonwealth of Virginia v Lockett: Why theory matters -- 16.2 Science and the law: The disconnect -- 16.3 Science and the law: Commonalities -- 16.3.1 Legal and scientific dialogue -- 16.3.2 Abductive reasoning -- 16.3.3 Probabilistic evaluation of the strength of evidence -- 16.4 Forensic anthropologists as expert witnesses -- 16.5 Admissibility of forensic anthropology evidence in the post‐Daubert world -- 16.6 The legal application of forensic anthropology: Why theory matters -- 16.7 Final comments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17 Epilogue: Theory and science in forensic anthropology: Avenues for further research and development -- 17.1 The science of forensic anthropology.

17.2 Looking forward.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.