Vitamin D : Volume 2: Health, Disease and Therapeutics.

Front Cover -- VITAMIN D: VOLUME 2: HEALTH, DISEASE AND THERAPEUTICS -- VITAMIN D: VOLUME 2: HEALTH, DISEASE AND THERAPEUTICS -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- IN MEMORIAM -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Abbreviations -- RELEVANT LAB VALUES IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN -- CRITERIA FOR VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY: 25(OH)D SERUM LEVELS -- Recommendations for Adults -- Recommendations for pediatrics -- VII - POPULATION STUDIES: VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, NUTRITION, SUNLIGHT, GENES &amp -- TRIALS -- 58 - Methods of Evaluating Population Studies of Vitamin D: Strengths and Weaknesses -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS OF ASSESSING VITAMIN D STATUS -- Conceptual Framework of Assessing Long-Term Vitamin D Status -- Measures of Circulating 25(OH)Vitamin D -- Measures of Vitamin D Intake -- Measures of Sun Exposure as a Surrogate of Vitamin D Status -- Measures of Predicted 25(OH)Vitamin D Level -- Measure of Genetic Variation of Circulating 25(OH)Vitamin D -- MAIN CHALLENGES IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF VITAMIN D AND DISEASE -- SUMMARY OF STUDY DESIGNS OF VITAMIN D -- Ecologic Studies -- Cohort Studies -- Case-Control Studies -- Interventional Studies (Randomized Controlled Trials) -- Mendelian Randomization Studies -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 59 - Worldwide Vitamin D Status -- INTRODUCTION -- VITAMIN D STATUS IN NORTH AMERICA (INCLUDING CANADA AND MEXICO) -- VITAMIN D STATUS IN SOUTH AMERICA -- VITAMIN D STATUS IN EUROPE -- VITAMIN D STATUS IN MIDDLE EAST -- VITAMIN D STATUS IN ASIA -- VITAMIN D STATUS IN AFRICA -- VITAMIN D STATUS IN OCEANIA -- MULTICENTER AND GLOBAL STUDIES USING A CENTRAL LABORATORY FACILITY -- ETHNICITY/MIGRATION -- NUTRITION -- RISK GROUPS -- IMPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 60 - Vitamin D in Foods: An Evolution of Knowledge -- INTRODUCTION -- CHALLENGES IN ASSESSING THE VITAMIN D CONTENT OF FOODS.

Different Forms of Vitamin D -- Variability Among Samples of the Same Food -- Diet of Animals -- Innate Differences Within and Between Species or Breeds -- UV Exposure -- Food Fortification -- Analytical Methods -- METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR VITAMIN D IN FOODS -- Current Methodology -- Method Validation and Quality Control -- Method Validation -- Quality Control -- FOOD COMPOSITION DATA -- History of Vitamin D Food Composition Data in the United States -- Compiling and Maintaining Food Composition Data -- Current Food Composition Data -- IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- APPENDIX A -- References -- 61 - Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency From Sun Exposure: A Global Perspective -- BACKGROUND -- FACTORS AFFECTING 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS -- Atmospheric and Environmental Determinants -- Geographic Location and Ultraviolet B Doses: Seasonal Variations -- Meteorological Factors -- Urban Versus Rural Residence -- Travel to Sunny Locations in Winter -- Endogenous Characteristics -- Effect of Age -- Obesity -- Genetics -- Behavioral Determinants -- Use of Sunscreen -- Shade -- Messages to Get UV Exposure Mornings and Afternoons (The Shadow Rule) -- Sun Avoidance Because of Concern About Skin Cancer, Melanoma -- Occupation (Outdoors vs. Indoors) -- Outdoor Recreational Activities -- Lack of Knowledge of the Benefits of Vitamin D -- Lifestyle Factors Associated With Reduced Sun Exposure -- Migration/Migrants -- PREDICTING VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 62 - Vitamin D Fortification and Supplementation Policies to Correct Vitamin D Insufficiency/Deficiency Globally -- INTRODUCTION -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VITAMIN D STATUS -- Recommendations for Vitamin D Intake -- Dietary Sources of Vitamin D -- Natural Sources -- Bioaddition -- Fortified Foods -- Supplements -- Dietary Intakes of Vitamin D -- The United States.

Measuring D Intakes -- STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE NUTRIENT INTAKES -- Efficacy of Fortification -- Efficacy of Supplement Use -- Benefits on Vitamin D Status -- Risks -- Tools for Safe and Effective Use of Fortified Foods and Dietary Supplements -- Setting Upper Levels -- Product Labeling -- Health Claims on Product Labels -- PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES FOR REDUCING D DEFICIENCY -- Mandatory Fortification -- Country With Mandatory Fortification of Food Staples With Vitamin D: Canada -- Country Transitioning Into the Use of Vitamin D-Fortified Staple Foods: Finland -- Fortification -- Countries Exploring Fortification or Reliant on Traditional Food Sources of Vitamin D: Denmark and Greenland -- SUMMARY -- References -- 63 - Vitamin D and Food Fortification -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT INTAKES OF VITAMIN D IN YOUNG AND ADULT POPULATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AND HOW THESE COMPARE AGAINST DIETARY TA... -- DIETARY STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING VITAMIN D INTAKE: BRIDGING THE GAP BY FOOD FORTIFICATION -- Traditional Food Fortification With Vitamin D -- CONSIDERATION OF OTHER VITAMIN D-FORTIFIED FOODS -- Additional Considerations in Relation to Forms of Vitamin D and Addition Amounts for Traditional Fortification -- Vitamin D2 Versus Vitamin D3 -- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Metabolites -- VITAMIN D-BIOFORTIFIED FOODS -- SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AND PREREQUISITE DATA REQUIRED PRIOR TO INITIATING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- 64 - Bariatric Surgery, Vitamin D, and Bone Loss -- INTRODUCTION -- Obesity Epidemic -- Bariatric Surgery Is an Effective Treatment for Weight Loss -- Indications for Bariatric Surgery -- Bariatric Surgery Procedures -- Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass -- Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy -- Adjustable Gastric Banding -- Biliopancreatic Diversion With or Without Duodenal Switch -- SKELETAL EFFECTS OF BARIATRIC SURGERY.

Bone Turnover Markers -- Bone Mass -- Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass -- Sleeve Gastrectomy -- Gastric Banding -- Biliopancreatic Diversion With or Without Duodenal Switch -- Bone Microstructure -- Fracture Risk -- Comparison With Nonsurgical Weight Loss -- POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF BONE LOSS -- Nutritional Deficiencies: Vitamin D and Calcium -- Vitamin D -- Preoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency -- Postoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency: Mechanisms -- Postoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency: Prevalence -- Postoperative Vitamin D Dosing Regimens -- Calcium -- Future Directions -- Mechanical Unloading -- Loss of Muscle Mass -- Adipokines -- Leptin -- Adiponectin -- Sex Steroids -- Gut-Derived Hormones -- Peptide YY -- Ghrelin -- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 -- Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide or Gastric Inhibitory Peptide -- Bone Marrow Fat -- PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SKELETAL EFFECTS -- Universal Recommendations -- Management of Osteoporosis After Bariatric Surgery -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 65 - Genetics of the Vitamin D Endocrine System -- INTRODUCTION -- Heritability -- Molecular Genetic Dissection -- From Candidates to Hypothesis-Free -- GENETIC STUDIES -- Candidate-Gene Association Studies -- Genome-Wide Association Studies -- Genome-Wide Sequencing -- Metaanalysis -- Functional Studies -- Mendelian Randomization Studies -- GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES -- GWAS on Serum Vitamin D and DBP Levels -- The Vitamin D-Binding Protein Gene -- Mendelian Randomization With Genome-Wide Association Studies Hits -- Vitamin D-Related Genes Identified By Genome-Wide Association Studies -- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 66 - Randomized Clinical Trials of Vitamin D for the Primary Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease With a Focus on the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) -- INTRODUCTION.

VITAMIN D AND OMEGA-3 TRIAL STUDY DESIGN -- Overview -- Aims -- Vitamin D Intervention -- Recruitment and Eligibility -- Follow-Up and Endpoint Determination -- Data Analysis and Power -- Blood Samples -- Ancillary Studies -- The Clinical and Translational Science Center Subcohort -- BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAL PARTICIPANTS -- Validity -- Internal Validity -- Generalizability -- OTHER ONGOING AND RECENTLY COMPLETED LARGE AND MIDSIZED TRIALS OF VITAMIN D -- CONCLUSION -- Acknowledgments -- References -- VIII - DISORDERS -- 67 - Vitamin D Deficiency and Nutritional Rickets in Children -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND NUTRITIONAL RICKETS -- CLINICAL PRESENTATION -- BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES -- RADIOLOGIC CHANGES -- THE GROWTH PLATE IN RICKETS -- TREATMENT AND PREVENTION -- Treatment -- Prevention -- DIETARY CALCIUM DEFICIENCY -- THE PATHOGENETIC SPECTRUM OF NUTRITIONAL RICKETS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 68 - Vitamin D and Osteoporosis -- EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE SKELETON -- THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D GENETIC FACTORS IN OSTEOPOROSIS AND POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS WITH VITAMIN D THERAPY -- DETERMINING OPTIMAL SERUM 25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH -- EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ALONE OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY -- Conclusion -- PRIMARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH VITAMIN D OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D -- EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ALONE ON FRACTURES -- Conclusion -- SINGLE HIGH ANNUAL OR MONTHLY DOSES OF VITAMIN D -- Conclusion -- PRIMARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D -- METAANALYSES -- Conclusion -- SAFETY -- Vitamin D -- Calcium and Vitamin D -- SECONDARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH VITAMIN D OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D -- Conclusion -- EFFECTS OF ACTIVE VITAMIN D ANALOGS ON FRACTURES -- THE ANABOLIC VITAMIN D ANALOGS, 2MD.

THE VITAMIN D ANALOGS, ELDECALCITOL.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.