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Electric Powertrain : Energy Systems, Power Electronics and Drives for Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2018Copyright date: ©2018Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (557 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781119063667
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Electric PowertrainLOC classification:
  • TL220 .H394 2018
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Textbook Structure and Suggested Teaching Curriculum -- About the Companion Web Site -- Part 1 Vehicles and Energy Sources -- Chapter 1 Electromobility and the Environment -- 1.1 A Brief History of the Electric Powertrain -- 1.1.1 Part I - The Birth of the Electric Car -- 1.1.2 Part II - The Resurgent Electric Powertrain -- 1.1.3 Part III - Success at Last for the Electric Powertrain -- 1.2 Energy Sources for Propulsion and Emissions -- 1.2.1 Carbon Emissions from Fuels -- 1.2.1.1 Example: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Combustion of Gasoline -- 1.2.2 Greenhouse Gases and Pollutants -- 1.2.2.1 The Impact of NOx -- 1.3 The Advent of Regulations -- 1.3.1 Regulatory Considerations and Emissions Trends -- 1.3.2 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Regulations -- 1.4 Drive Cycles -- 1.4.1 EPA Drive Cycles -- 1.5 BEV Fuel Consumption, Range, and mpge -- 1.6 Carbon Emissions for Conventional and Electric Powertrains -- 1.6.1 Well-to-Wheel and Cradle-to-Grave Emissions -- 1.6.2 Emissions due to the Electrical Grid -- 1.6.2.1 Example: Determining Electrical Grid Emissions -- 1.7 An Overview of Conventional, Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Systems -- 1.7.1 Conventional IC engine Vehicle -- 1.7.2 BEVs -- 1.7.3 HEVs -- 1.7.3.1 Series HEV -- 1.7.3.2 Parallel HEV -- 1.7.3.3 Series-Parallel HEV -- 1.7.4 FCEV -- 1.7.5 A Comparison by Efficiency of Conventional, Hybrid, Battery, and Fuel Cell Vehicles -- 1.7.6 A Case Study Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, Battery, and Fuel Cell Vehicles -- 1.8 A Comparison of Automotive and Other Transportation Technologies -- References -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Assignments -- Chapter 2 Vehicle Dynamics -- 2.1 Vehicle Load Forces -- 2.1.1 Basic Power, Energy, and Speed Relationships -- 2.1.2 Aerodynamic Drag.
2.1.2.1 Example: Aerodynamic Drag -- 2.1.2.2 Example: Aerodynamic Drag and Fuel Consumption -- 2.1.3 Rolling Resistance -- 2.1.3.1 The Ford Explorer Recall -- 2.1.3.2 The A-Class Mercedes in the 1990s -- 2.1.3.3 The Tesla Model S in 2013 -- 2.1.3.4 Example: Rolling Resistance -- 2.1.4 Vehicle Road-Load Coefficients from EPA Coast-Down Testing -- 2.1.5 Battery Electric Vehicle Range at Constant Speed -- 2.1.5.1 Example: Plot of BEV Range Versus Speed -- 2.1.5.2 Example: Estimate of BEV Range -- 2.1.5.3 Example: Effect of Auxiliary Loads on Range -- 2.1.6 Gradability -- 2.1.6.1 Example: Downgrade Force and Regeneration -- 2.2 Vehicle Acceleration -- 2.2.1 Regenerative Braking of the Vehicle -- 2.2.2 Traction Motor Characteristics -- 2.2.2.1 Example: 2015 Nissan Leaf Rated Speed -- 2.2.3 Acceleration of the Vehicle -- 2.2.3.1 Time-Step Estimation of Vehicle Speed -- 2.2.3.2 A Simplified Equation Set for Characterizing Acceleration by Ignoring Load Forces -- 2.3 Simple Drive Cycle for Vehicle Comparisons -- References -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Sample MATLAB Code -- Assignment: Modeling of a BEV -- Chapter 3 Batteries -- 3.1 Introduction to Batteries -- 3.1.1 Batteries Types and Battery Packs -- 3.1.1.1 Recent EVs and Battery Chemistries -- 3.1.2 Basic Battery Operation -- 3.1.3 Basic Electrochemistry -- 3.1.3.1 Lead-Acid Battery -- 3.1.3.2 Nickel-Metal Hydride -- 3.1.3.3 Lithium-Ion -- 3.1.4 Units of Battery Energy Storage -- 3.1.5 Capacity Rate -- 3.1.5.1 Example of the 2011 Nissan Leaf Battery Pack -- 3.1.6 Battery Parameters and Comparisons -- 3.1.6.1 Cell Voltage -- 3.1.6.2 Specific Energy -- 3.1.6.3 Cycle Life -- 3.1.6.4 Specific Power -- 3.1.6.5 Self-Discharge -- 3.2 Lifetime and Sizing Considerations -- 3.2.1 Examples of Battery Sizing -- 3.2.1.1 Example: BEV Battery Sizing -- 3.2.1.2 Example: PHEV Battery Sizing.
3.2.2 Battery Pack Discharge Curves and Aging -- 3.3 Battery Charging, Protection, and Management Systems -- 3.3.1 Battery Charging -- 3.3.2 Battery Failure and Protection -- 3.3.3 Battery Management System -- 3.4 Battery Models -- 3.4.1 A Simple Novel Curve Fit Model for BEV Batteries -- 3.4.2 Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Efficiency of Battery Pack -- 3.4.2.1 Example: Determining the Pack Voltage Range for a BEV -- 3.4.3 A Simple Curve-Fit Model for HEV Batteries -- 3.4.3.1 Example: Determining the Pack Voltage Range for a HEV -- 3.4.4 Charging -- 3.4.4.1 Example: Fast Charging a Battery Pack -- 3.4.5 Determining the Cell/Pack Voltage for a Given Output\Input Power -- 3.4.5.1 Example: Battery Discharge -- 3.4.5.2 Example: Battery Charge -- 3.4.6 Cell Energy and Discharge Rate -- 3.4.6.1 Example: Cell Capacity -- 3.5 Example: The Fuel Economy of a BEV Vehicle with a Fixed Gear Ratio -- References -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Appendix: A Simplified Curve-Fit Model for BEV Batteries -- Chapter 4 Fuel Cells -- 4.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells -- 4.1.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle Emissions and Upstream Emissions -- 4.1.2 Hydrogen Safety Factors -- 4.2 Basic Operation -- 4.2.1 Fuel Cell Model and Cell Voltage -- 4.2.1.1 Example: No-Load and Load Voltages of a PEM Fuel Cell -- 4.2.2 Power and Efficiency of Fuel Cell and Fuel Cell Power Plant System -- 4.2.2.1 Example: Full-Load Power and Efficiency of PEM Fuel Cell Stack -- 4.2.3 Fuel Cell Characteristic Curves -- 4.3 Sizing the Fuel Cell Plant -- 4.3.1 Example: Sizing a Fuel Cell -- 4.3.2 Toyota Mirai -- 4.3.3 Balance of Plant -- 4.3.4 Boost DC-DC Converter -- 4.4 Fuel Cell Aging -- 4.5 Example: Sizing Fuel Cell System for Heavy Goods Tractor-Trailer Combination -- 4.6 Example: Fuel Economy of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle -- References -- Problems -- Assignments.
Chapter 5 Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains -- 5.1 Introduction to HEVs -- 5.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption -- 5.2.1 Example: Energy Consumption, Power Output, Efficiency, and BSFC -- 5.3 Comparative Examples of Conventional, Series, and Series-Parallel Hybrid Systems -- 5.3.1 Example: Fuel Economy of IC Engine Vehicle with Gasoline or Diesel Engine -- 5.3.2 Example: Fuel Economy of Series HEV -- 5.3.3 Example: Fuel Economy of Series-Parallel HEV -- 5.3.4 Summary of Comparisons -- 5.4 The Planetary Gears as a Power-Split Device -- 5.4.1 Powertrain of 2004 Toyota Prius -- 5.4.2 Example: CVT Operating in Electric Drive Mode (Vehicle Launch and Low Speeds) -- 5.4.3 Example: CVT Operating in Full-Power Mode -- 5.4.4 Example: CVT Operating in Cruising and Generating Mode -- References -- Problems -- Assignments -- Part 2 Electrical Machines -- Chapter 6 Introduction to Traction Machines -- 6.1 Propulsion Machine Overview -- 6.1.1 DC Machines -- 6.1.2 AC Machines -- 6.1.3 Comparison of Traction Machines -- 6.1.4 Case Study - Mars Rover Traction Motor -- 6.2 Machine Specifications -- 6.2.1 Four-Quadrant Operation -- 6.2.2 Rated Parameters -- 6.2.3 Rated Torque -- 6.2.4 Rated and Base Speeds -- 6.2.5 Rated Power -- 6.2.6 Peak Operation -- 6.2.7 Starting Torque -- 6.3 Characteristic Curves of a Machine -- 6.3.1 Constant-Torque Mode -- 6.3.2 Constant-Power Mode -- 6.3.3 Maximum-Speed Mode -- 6.3.4 Efficiency Maps -- 6.4 Conversion Factors of Machine Units -- References -- Chapter 7 The Brushed DC Machine -- 7.1 DC Machine Structure -- 7.2 DC Machine Electrical Equivalent Circuit -- 7.3 DC Machine Circuit Equations -- 7.3.1 No-Load Spinning Loss -- 7.3.2 No-Load Speed -- 7.3.3 Maximum Power -- 7.3.4 Rated Conditions -- 7.4 Power, Losses, and Efficiency in the PM DC Machine -- 7.5 Machine Control using Power Electronics.
7.5.1 Example: Motoring using a PM DC Machine -- 7.6 Machine Operating as a Motor or Generator in Forward or Reverse Modes -- 7.6.1 Example: Generating/Braking using a PM DC Machine -- 7.6.2 Example: Motoring in Reverse -- 7.7 Saturation and Armature Reaction -- 7.7.1 Example: Motoring using PM DC Machine and Machine Saturation -- 7.8 Using PM DC Machine for EV Powertrain -- 7.8.1 Example: Maximum Speeds using PM DC Machine -- 7.9 Using WF DC Machine for EV Powertrain -- 7.9.1 Example: Motoring using WF DC Machine -- 7.10 Case Study - Mars Rover Traction Machine -- 7.11 Thermal Characteristics of Machine -- 7.11.1 Example of Steady-State Temperature Rise -- 7.11.2 Transient Temperature Rise -- 7.11.3 Example of Transient Temperature Rise -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 8 Induction Machines -- 8.1 Stator Windings and the Spinning Magnetic Field -- 8.1.1 Stator Magnetic Flux Density -- 8.1.2 Space-Vector Current and the Rotating Magnetic Field -- 8.2 Induction Machine Rotor Voltage, Current, and Torque -- 8.2.1 Rotor Construction -- 8.2.2 Induction Machine Theory of Operation -- 8.3 Machine Model and Steady-State Operation -- 8.3.1 Power in Three-Phase Induction Machine -- 8.3.2 Torque in Three-Phase Induction Machine -- 8.3.3 Phasor Analysis of Induction Motor -- 8.3.4 Machine Operation When Supplied by Current Source -- 8.3.4.1 Example: Motoring at Rated Speed using Induction Machine -- 8.3.4.2 Example: Motoring at Rated Speed using Induction Machine - Ignoring Leakage -- 8.3.4.3 Example: Generating at Rated Speed using Induction Machine -- 8.4 Variable-Speed Operation of Induction Machine -- 8.4.1 Constant Volts per hertz Operation -- 8.4.1.1 Example: Maintaining a Constant Volts per Hertz -- 8.4.2 Variable-Speed Operation -- 8.4.2.1 Example: Field-Weakened Motoring at Twice the Rated Speed using Induction Machine.
8.4.2.2 Example: Stall/Start-Up using Induction Machine.
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Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Textbook Structure and Suggested Teaching Curriculum -- About the Companion Web Site -- Part 1 Vehicles and Energy Sources -- Chapter 1 Electromobility and the Environment -- 1.1 A Brief History of the Electric Powertrain -- 1.1.1 Part I - The Birth of the Electric Car -- 1.1.2 Part II - The Resurgent Electric Powertrain -- 1.1.3 Part III - Success at Last for the Electric Powertrain -- 1.2 Energy Sources for Propulsion and Emissions -- 1.2.1 Carbon Emissions from Fuels -- 1.2.1.1 Example: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Combustion of Gasoline -- 1.2.2 Greenhouse Gases and Pollutants -- 1.2.2.1 The Impact of NOx -- 1.3 The Advent of Regulations -- 1.3.1 Regulatory Considerations and Emissions Trends -- 1.3.2 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Regulations -- 1.4 Drive Cycles -- 1.4.1 EPA Drive Cycles -- 1.5 BEV Fuel Consumption, Range, and mpge -- 1.6 Carbon Emissions for Conventional and Electric Powertrains -- 1.6.1 Well-to-Wheel and Cradle-to-Grave Emissions -- 1.6.2 Emissions due to the Electrical Grid -- 1.6.2.1 Example: Determining Electrical Grid Emissions -- 1.7 An Overview of Conventional, Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Systems -- 1.7.1 Conventional IC engine Vehicle -- 1.7.2 BEVs -- 1.7.3 HEVs -- 1.7.3.1 Series HEV -- 1.7.3.2 Parallel HEV -- 1.7.3.3 Series-Parallel HEV -- 1.7.4 FCEV -- 1.7.5 A Comparison by Efficiency of Conventional, Hybrid, Battery, and Fuel Cell Vehicles -- 1.7.6 A Case Study Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, Battery, and Fuel Cell Vehicles -- 1.8 A Comparison of Automotive and Other Transportation Technologies -- References -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Assignments -- Chapter 2 Vehicle Dynamics -- 2.1 Vehicle Load Forces -- 2.1.1 Basic Power, Energy, and Speed Relationships -- 2.1.2 Aerodynamic Drag.

2.1.2.1 Example: Aerodynamic Drag -- 2.1.2.2 Example: Aerodynamic Drag and Fuel Consumption -- 2.1.3 Rolling Resistance -- 2.1.3.1 The Ford Explorer Recall -- 2.1.3.2 The A-Class Mercedes in the 1990s -- 2.1.3.3 The Tesla Model S in 2013 -- 2.1.3.4 Example: Rolling Resistance -- 2.1.4 Vehicle Road-Load Coefficients from EPA Coast-Down Testing -- 2.1.5 Battery Electric Vehicle Range at Constant Speed -- 2.1.5.1 Example: Plot of BEV Range Versus Speed -- 2.1.5.2 Example: Estimate of BEV Range -- 2.1.5.3 Example: Effect of Auxiliary Loads on Range -- 2.1.6 Gradability -- 2.1.6.1 Example: Downgrade Force and Regeneration -- 2.2 Vehicle Acceleration -- 2.2.1 Regenerative Braking of the Vehicle -- 2.2.2 Traction Motor Characteristics -- 2.2.2.1 Example: 2015 Nissan Leaf Rated Speed -- 2.2.3 Acceleration of the Vehicle -- 2.2.3.1 Time-Step Estimation of Vehicle Speed -- 2.2.3.2 A Simplified Equation Set for Characterizing Acceleration by Ignoring Load Forces -- 2.3 Simple Drive Cycle for Vehicle Comparisons -- References -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Sample MATLAB Code -- Assignment: Modeling of a BEV -- Chapter 3 Batteries -- 3.1 Introduction to Batteries -- 3.1.1 Batteries Types and Battery Packs -- 3.1.1.1 Recent EVs and Battery Chemistries -- 3.1.2 Basic Battery Operation -- 3.1.3 Basic Electrochemistry -- 3.1.3.1 Lead-Acid Battery -- 3.1.3.2 Nickel-Metal Hydride -- 3.1.3.3 Lithium-Ion -- 3.1.4 Units of Battery Energy Storage -- 3.1.5 Capacity Rate -- 3.1.5.1 Example of the 2011 Nissan Leaf Battery Pack -- 3.1.6 Battery Parameters and Comparisons -- 3.1.6.1 Cell Voltage -- 3.1.6.2 Specific Energy -- 3.1.6.3 Cycle Life -- 3.1.6.4 Specific Power -- 3.1.6.5 Self-Discharge -- 3.2 Lifetime and Sizing Considerations -- 3.2.1 Examples of Battery Sizing -- 3.2.1.1 Example: BEV Battery Sizing -- 3.2.1.2 Example: PHEV Battery Sizing.

3.2.2 Battery Pack Discharge Curves and Aging -- 3.3 Battery Charging, Protection, and Management Systems -- 3.3.1 Battery Charging -- 3.3.2 Battery Failure and Protection -- 3.3.3 Battery Management System -- 3.4 Battery Models -- 3.4.1 A Simple Novel Curve Fit Model for BEV Batteries -- 3.4.2 Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Efficiency of Battery Pack -- 3.4.2.1 Example: Determining the Pack Voltage Range for a BEV -- 3.4.3 A Simple Curve-Fit Model for HEV Batteries -- 3.4.3.1 Example: Determining the Pack Voltage Range for a HEV -- 3.4.4 Charging -- 3.4.4.1 Example: Fast Charging a Battery Pack -- 3.4.5 Determining the Cell/Pack Voltage for a Given Output\Input Power -- 3.4.5.1 Example: Battery Discharge -- 3.4.5.2 Example: Battery Charge -- 3.4.6 Cell Energy and Discharge Rate -- 3.4.6.1 Example: Cell Capacity -- 3.5 Example: The Fuel Economy of a BEV Vehicle with a Fixed Gear Ratio -- References -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Appendix: A Simplified Curve-Fit Model for BEV Batteries -- Chapter 4 Fuel Cells -- 4.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells -- 4.1.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle Emissions and Upstream Emissions -- 4.1.2 Hydrogen Safety Factors -- 4.2 Basic Operation -- 4.2.1 Fuel Cell Model and Cell Voltage -- 4.2.1.1 Example: No-Load and Load Voltages of a PEM Fuel Cell -- 4.2.2 Power and Efficiency of Fuel Cell and Fuel Cell Power Plant System -- 4.2.2.1 Example: Full-Load Power and Efficiency of PEM Fuel Cell Stack -- 4.2.3 Fuel Cell Characteristic Curves -- 4.3 Sizing the Fuel Cell Plant -- 4.3.1 Example: Sizing a Fuel Cell -- 4.3.2 Toyota Mirai -- 4.3.3 Balance of Plant -- 4.3.4 Boost DC-DC Converter -- 4.4 Fuel Cell Aging -- 4.5 Example: Sizing Fuel Cell System for Heavy Goods Tractor-Trailer Combination -- 4.6 Example: Fuel Economy of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle -- References -- Problems -- Assignments.

Chapter 5 Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains -- 5.1 Introduction to HEVs -- 5.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption -- 5.2.1 Example: Energy Consumption, Power Output, Efficiency, and BSFC -- 5.3 Comparative Examples of Conventional, Series, and Series-Parallel Hybrid Systems -- 5.3.1 Example: Fuel Economy of IC Engine Vehicle with Gasoline or Diesel Engine -- 5.3.2 Example: Fuel Economy of Series HEV -- 5.3.3 Example: Fuel Economy of Series-Parallel HEV -- 5.3.4 Summary of Comparisons -- 5.4 The Planetary Gears as a Power-Split Device -- 5.4.1 Powertrain of 2004 Toyota Prius -- 5.4.2 Example: CVT Operating in Electric Drive Mode (Vehicle Launch and Low Speeds) -- 5.4.3 Example: CVT Operating in Full-Power Mode -- 5.4.4 Example: CVT Operating in Cruising and Generating Mode -- References -- Problems -- Assignments -- Part 2 Electrical Machines -- Chapter 6 Introduction to Traction Machines -- 6.1 Propulsion Machine Overview -- 6.1.1 DC Machines -- 6.1.2 AC Machines -- 6.1.3 Comparison of Traction Machines -- 6.1.4 Case Study - Mars Rover Traction Motor -- 6.2 Machine Specifications -- 6.2.1 Four-Quadrant Operation -- 6.2.2 Rated Parameters -- 6.2.3 Rated Torque -- 6.2.4 Rated and Base Speeds -- 6.2.5 Rated Power -- 6.2.6 Peak Operation -- 6.2.7 Starting Torque -- 6.3 Characteristic Curves of a Machine -- 6.3.1 Constant-Torque Mode -- 6.3.2 Constant-Power Mode -- 6.3.3 Maximum-Speed Mode -- 6.3.4 Efficiency Maps -- 6.4 Conversion Factors of Machine Units -- References -- Chapter 7 The Brushed DC Machine -- 7.1 DC Machine Structure -- 7.2 DC Machine Electrical Equivalent Circuit -- 7.3 DC Machine Circuit Equations -- 7.3.1 No-Load Spinning Loss -- 7.3.2 No-Load Speed -- 7.3.3 Maximum Power -- 7.3.4 Rated Conditions -- 7.4 Power, Losses, and Efficiency in the PM DC Machine -- 7.5 Machine Control using Power Electronics.

7.5.1 Example: Motoring using a PM DC Machine -- 7.6 Machine Operating as a Motor or Generator in Forward or Reverse Modes -- 7.6.1 Example: Generating/Braking using a PM DC Machine -- 7.6.2 Example: Motoring in Reverse -- 7.7 Saturation and Armature Reaction -- 7.7.1 Example: Motoring using PM DC Machine and Machine Saturation -- 7.8 Using PM DC Machine for EV Powertrain -- 7.8.1 Example: Maximum Speeds using PM DC Machine -- 7.9 Using WF DC Machine for EV Powertrain -- 7.9.1 Example: Motoring using WF DC Machine -- 7.10 Case Study - Mars Rover Traction Machine -- 7.11 Thermal Characteristics of Machine -- 7.11.1 Example of Steady-State Temperature Rise -- 7.11.2 Transient Temperature Rise -- 7.11.3 Example of Transient Temperature Rise -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 8 Induction Machines -- 8.1 Stator Windings and the Spinning Magnetic Field -- 8.1.1 Stator Magnetic Flux Density -- 8.1.2 Space-Vector Current and the Rotating Magnetic Field -- 8.2 Induction Machine Rotor Voltage, Current, and Torque -- 8.2.1 Rotor Construction -- 8.2.2 Induction Machine Theory of Operation -- 8.3 Machine Model and Steady-State Operation -- 8.3.1 Power in Three-Phase Induction Machine -- 8.3.2 Torque in Three-Phase Induction Machine -- 8.3.3 Phasor Analysis of Induction Motor -- 8.3.4 Machine Operation When Supplied by Current Source -- 8.3.4.1 Example: Motoring at Rated Speed using Induction Machine -- 8.3.4.2 Example: Motoring at Rated Speed using Induction Machine - Ignoring Leakage -- 8.3.4.3 Example: Generating at Rated Speed using Induction Machine -- 8.4 Variable-Speed Operation of Induction Machine -- 8.4.1 Constant Volts per hertz Operation -- 8.4.1.1 Example: Maintaining a Constant Volts per Hertz -- 8.4.2 Variable-Speed Operation -- 8.4.2.1 Example: Field-Weakened Motoring at Twice the Rated Speed using Induction Machine.

8.4.2.2 Example: Stall/Start-Up using Induction Machine.

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