Substance Use Disorders : A Guide for the Primary Care Provider.

Intro -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Contents -- Part I: The Basics -- 1: Overview -- The Problem -- The Financial Cost of Substance Dependence -- Substance Use Prevalence -- Emergency Department Visits -- Deaths -- Treatment Demographics -- Consequences -- Substance Use Disorders and the Primary Care Physician -- How Psychoactive Substances Differ from Other Drugs -- Classification of Psychoactive Substances Based on Their Effects on the Central Nervous System -- Club Drugs and Date Rape Drugs -- Club Drugs -- Date Rape Drugs -- The Primitive Survival Brain Concept of Substance Dependence -- Denial -- Normal Response to Substance Use -- Development of Denial -- Tools of Denial -- Addicted Versus Addict -- Abstinence Syndromes -- Severity of Abstinence Syndromes -- The Beginning of All 12-Step Programs -- The Prescription Drug-Dependent Patient -- Patient Behaviors -- Drug-Seeking Behavior -- Doctor Shopping -- Scams -- Prescription Fraud -- Characteristics of Overprescribing Physicians -- Dated -- Duped -- Dishonest -- Disabled -- Addiction Medicine Specialists -- American Society of Addiction Medicine -- American Psychiatric Association -- DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Dependence -- DEA Drug Schedules and Prescribing Regulations -- DEA Drug Schedules -- Prescribing Regulations -- Schedule III-V Substances -- Schedule II Substances -- Exceptions for Schedule II Facsimile Prescriptions -- Summary -- References -- 2: Definitions of Substance Dependence -- The Biopsychosocial Definition of Substance Dependence -- Biological Factors -- Psychological Factors -- Sociological Factors -- Family Problems -- Financial Problems -- Legal Problems -- Isolation -- Disease Concept Definition of Substance Dependence -- Genetic Studies -- Family Studies -- Twin Studies -- Adoption Studies -- Genetic Markers -- Gene Studies -- Conclusions About Genetic Studies.

Natural Course of Alcoholism -- Prealcoholic Phase -- Prodromal Phase -- Crucial Phase -- Chronic Phase -- The Disease Concept and the Primary Care Physician -- AMA'S Definition of Substance Dependence -- ASAM'S Definition of Substance Dependence -- Summary -- References -- 3: Pharmacology of Psychoactive Substances -- Pharmacodynamics -- Receptors -- Synapse -- Synaptic Transmission -- Synaptic Function -- Reward Center of the Brain -- Neurotransmitters Affected by Psychoactive Substances -- Upregulation and Downregulation -- Dose-Response Relationships -- Dose-Response Plots -- Affinity, Potency, and Efficacy -- Kindling -- Pharmacokinetics -- Route of Administration -- Distribution -- Volume of Distribution -- The Blood-Brain Barrier -- Enzymatic Reactions -- Zero-Order Reaction -- First-Order Reaction -- Enzyme Inhibition and Induction -- Steady-State Relationships -- Tolerance -- Cross-Tolerance -- Physical Dependence and Abstinence Syndrome -- Set and Setting -- Summary -- References -- Part II: Psychoactive Substance Dependencies -- 4: Alcohol Dependence -- Forms of Alcoholic Beverages -- Prevalence of Alcohol Use and Dependence -- Prevalence of Drinking -- Prevalence of Binge Drinking and Heavy Drinking -- Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder -- Treatment Statistics -- Alcohol-Related Liver Problems -- Alcohol-Related Deaths -- The Financial Cost of Alcohol Dependence -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Metabolism -- Pharmacological Actions -- Central Nervous System -- Circulatory System -- Gastrointestinal System -- Urinary System -- Thermoregulatory System -- Interaction of Alcohol with Other Drugs -- Street Names for Alcohol -- What Is Excessive Drinking? -- Subtypes of Alcoholism -- Observational Classification -- Young Adult Subtype -- Young Antisocial Subtype -- Functional Subtype -- Intermediate Familial Subtype.

Chronic Severe Subtype -- Genetic Classification -- Type I Alcoholism -- Type II Alcoholism -- Health Risks -- Short-Term Health Risks -- Long-Term Health Effects -- Neurological System -- Cardiovascular System -- Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat -- Hematological/Immunological Systems -- Gastrointestinal System -- Musculoskeletal System -- Metabolic and Renal Systems -- Endocrine System -- Reproductive System -- Nutritional System -- Dermatological System -- Cancer -- Health Benefits of Drinking Alcohol -- Evaluation of the Alcoholic -- Tolerance -- Dependence -- Abstinence Syndrome -- Stages of the Alcohol Abstinence Syndrome -- Stage 1 -- Stage 2 -- Stage 3 -- Differential Diagnosis of Alcohol Withdrawal -- Treatment of Alcohol Abstinence Syndrome -- Outpatient Detoxification -- Inpatient Detoxification -- Indications -- Outpatient Versus Inpatient Detoxification -- Ethanol Toxicity -- Symptoms -- Treatment -- Recovery -- Other Alcohols -- Isopropyl Alcohol Toxicity -- Symptoms -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Methyl Alcohol Toxicity -- Symptoms -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Ethylene Glycol Toxicity -- Symptoms -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Summary -- References -- 5: Sedative-Hypnotic Dependence -- Barbiturates -- Prevalence of Use -- The Barbiturates -- Street Names -- Current Uses -- Acute Convulsions -- Cluster and Migraine Headache Treatment -- Induction of General Anesthesia -- Lethal Injection -- Preanesthetic Agent -- Reduction of Intracranial Pressure -- Sedation -- Sleep Induction (Hypnosis) -- Treatment of Seizures -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Interaction with Other Drugs -- Health Risks -- Tolerance -- Dependence -- Abstinence Syndrome -- Symptoms -- Detoxification -- Overdose -- Symptoms -- Treatment -- Supportive Care -- Gastrointestinal Decontamination -- Enhancement of Elimination -- Benzodiazepines.

The Benzodiazepines -- Street Names for Benzodiazepines -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Interactions with Other Drugs -- Health Risks -- Tolerance -- Dependence -- Abstinence Syndrome -- Symptoms -- Detoxification -- Overdose -- Symptoms -- Treatment -- Flunitrazepam -- Street Names -- Pharmacology -- Health Risks -- Dependence, Tolerance, and Abstinence Syndrome -- Overdose -- Z Drugs -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Health Risks -- Dependence -- Abstinence Syndrome -- Detoxification -- Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid -- Street Names -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Health Risks -- Tolerance, Dependence, and Abstinence Syndrome -- Overdose -- Symptoms -- Treatment -- Sedative-Hypnotics of Historical Interest -- Barbiturate-Like Drugs -- Meprobamate -- Carisoprodol -- Chloral Hydrate -- Summary -- References -- 6: Opioid Dependence -- Prevalence of Use -- The Opioid Drugs -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Central Nervous System Effects -- Peripheral Effects -- Cardiovascular System -- Gastrointestinal System -- Genitourinary System -- Endocrine System -- Immune System -- Integumentary System -- Clinical Uses of Opioids -- Opioid Conversion -- Interactions with Other Drugs -- Opioid Agonists -- Natural Opiates -- Thebaine -- Opium -- Codeine -- Morphine -- Semisynthetic Opioids -- Heroin -- Oxycodone -- Hydrocodone -- Oxymorphone -- Hydromorphone -- Krokodil -- Synthetic Opioids -- Meperidine -- Fentanyl -- Methadone -- Tramadol -- Antidiarrheal Medications -- Loperamide -- Diphenoxylate HCl/Atropine -- Opioid Agonist-Antagonists -- Pentazocine -- Nalbuphine -- Butorphanol -- Buprenorphine -- Opioid Antagonists -- Naltrexone -- Naloxone -- Designer Drugs -- Street Names -- Health Risks -- Tolerance -- Dependence.

Principles for Prescribing to Prevent Opioid Dependence -- Determining When to Initiate or Continue Opioids for Chronic Pain -- Opioid Selection, Dosage, Duration, Follow-up, and Discontinuation -- Assessing Risk and Addressing Harms of Opioid Use -- Abstinence Syndrome -- Symptoms -- Detoxification -- Buprenorphine -- Methadone -- Clonidine -- Rapid Detoxification -- Opioid Overdose -- Symptoms -- Treatment -- Summary -- References -- 7: Stimulant Dependence -- Prevalence of Use -- The Amphetamines -- Prevalence of Use -- The Drugs -- Street Names -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Interactions with Other Drugs -- Methamphetamine -- Prevalence of Use -- Street Names -- Pharmacology -- Health Risks -- Tolerance -- Dependence -- Abstinence Syndrome -- Amphetamine Overdose -- Symptoms -- Treatment -- Cocaine -- Prevalence of Use -- The Drugs -- Coca Leaves -- Coca Paste -- Cocaine Hydrochloride -- Rock/Crack Cocaine -- Freebase Cocaine -- Street Names -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Coca Leaf Chewing -- Coca Paste Smoking -- Oral Cocaine -- Intranasal Cocaine -- Intravenous Cocaine -- Crack/Freebase Cocaine -- Interaction with Other Drugs -- Health Risks -- Tolerance -- Dependence -- Abstinence Syndrome -- Overdose -- Methylphenidate -- Street Names -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Health Risks -- Tolerance, Dependence, and Abstinence Syndrome -- Phentermine -- Health Risks -- Tolerance, Dependence, and Abstinence Syndrome -- Modafinil -- Bath Salts -- Health Risks -- Tolerance, Dependence, and Abstinence Syndrome -- Flakka -- Intoxication and Overdose -- Caffeine -- Caffeine Powder -- Caffeine Intoxication -- Caffeine Tolerance and Dependence -- Caffeine Abstinence Syndrome -- Caffeine Overdose -- Symptoms -- Treatment -- Summary -- References -- 8: Nicotine Dependence.

Cigarettes.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.