Understanding Stroke in a Global Context.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- List of Contributors -- Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, Signs and Consequences -- Shanthi Mendis* -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. WHAT IS A STROKE? -- 2. CAN STROKE BE PREVENTED? -- 3. HOW DOES STROKE DEVELOP? -- 4. WHAT FACTORS INCREASE THE RISK OF A STROKE? -- 4.1. Can Tobacco Use Increase the Risk of Stroke? -- 4.2. Can Alcohol Use Increase the Risk of Stroke? -- 4.3. How does the Diet Affect the Risk of Stroke? -- 4.4. Can Physical Activity Lower the Risk of Stroke? -- 4.5. Does High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Increase the Risk of Stroke? -- 4.6. Does High Blood Sugar (Diabetes) Increase the Risk of Stroke? -- 4.7. Does High Levels of Fat in the Blood (Hyperlipidaemia) Increase the Risk of Stroke? -- 5. WHAT OTHER DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY BEHAVIOURAL RISK FACTORS (TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL, UNHEALTHY DIET AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY)? -- 6. HOW DOES A STROKE PRESENT? -- 7. WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF A STROKE? -- 8. HOW IS A STROKE DIAGNOSED AND TREATED? -- 9. CAN YOU GET REPEATED ATTACKS OF STROKE? -- 10. WHAT IS STROKE REHABILITATION? -- 11. WHAT CAN YOU DO TO REDUCE YOUR RISK OF STROKE? -- 12. WHAT CAN YOU DO IF SOMEONE DEVELOPS FEATURES OF A STROKE? -- 13. WHAT CAN GOVERNMENTS AND POLITICAL LEADERS DO TO IMPROVE PREVENTION AND CARE OF STROKE (NCDS)? -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Stroke, Politics, Global Health and Development -- Shanthi Mendis* -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. WHY HAS THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF STROKE (NCDS) GOT OUT OF HAND? -- 2. HOW POWERFUL ARE THE FORCES DRIVING THE STROKE (NCDS) BURDEN? -- 3. WHAT ARE THE TACTICS USED BY INDUSTRY TO UNDERMINE GOVERNMENT POLICIES TO PREVENT STROKE? -- 4. DO CHILDREN AND OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS NEED PROTECTION FROM STROKE (NCDS)? -- 5. ARE GOVERNMENTS DOING ENOUGH TO PREVENT CHILDHOOD OBESITY?.

6. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES THAT SLOW DOWN PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF STROKE (NCDS)? -- 7. IS GOVERNMENT ACTION MATCHING THE SIZE AND COMPLEXITY OF THE STROKE (NCDS) BURDEN? -- 8. WHAT KIND OF COUNTRY ACTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR PREVENTION OF STROKE (NCDS)? -- 9. WHAT COULD GOVERNMENTS DO TO REDUCE EXPOSURE OF PEOPLE TO BEHAVIOURAL RISK FACTORS OF STROKE (NCDS)? -- 10. HOW CAN HEALTH SYSTEMS BE STRENGTHENED FOR COST-EFFECTIVE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF STROKE (NCDS)? -- 11. DOES THE GLOBAL HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT MILIEU SUPPORT THE ACTION OF GOVERNMENTS? -- 12. SHOULD GOVERNMENTS BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR INACTION? -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Global Stroke Burden and Stroke Prevention -- Rita V. Krishnamurthi1,*, Priya Parmar1, Graeme J. Hankey2 and Valery L. Feigin1 -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. WHAT IS THE CURRENT GLOBAL DISEASE PATTERN (EPIDEMIOLOGY) OF STROKE? -- Worldwide Burden of Stroke -- GBD 2013 Findings -- 2. ARE THERE DIFFERENCES IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES COMPARED TO HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES? -- Stroke in Younger Adults -- 3. ARE THERE SEX DIFFERENCES IN STROKE BURDEN? -- 4. WHY SHOULD STROKE PREVENTION BE A PRIORITY? -- 5. WHAT ARE THE CURRENT STROKE PREVENTION STRATEGIES? -- Population-wide Strategies -- High-risk Strategy -- 6. WHAT ARE THE GAPS IN STROKE PREVENTION STRATEGIES AND HOW CAN THEY BE ADDRESSED? -- 7. WHAT ARE THE CURRENT SURGICAL STROKE PREVENTION STRATEGIES? -- Revascularization (improving blood flow) of the extracranial (outside the skull bone) and intracranial (inside the skull bone) carotid and vertebral arteries -- Symptomatic Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenosis (Narrowing) -- Carotid Endarterectomy plus Optimal Medical Therapy versus Optimal Medical Therapy Alone -- Carotid Artery Stenting versus Carotid Endarterectomy.

Timing of Carotid Revascularization after Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis -- 8. WHAT ARE THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN SURGICAL PREVENTION OF STROKE? -- Symptomatic Intracranial Carotid and Vertebrobasilar Stenosis, and Extracranial Vertebral Stenosis -- Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis -- Carotid Endarterectomy plus Optimal Medical Therapy versus Optimal Medical Therapy Alone -- Carotid Artery Stenting versus Carotid Endarterectomy -- Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Medical and Surgical Treatment of Stroke -- Bruce C.V. Campbell* and Stephen M. Davis -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. WHAT BASIC STROKE CARE ELEMENTS IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR A BROAD RANGE OF STROKE PATIENTS? -- Stroke Unit Care -- Secondary Stroke Prevention (Preventing Recurrent Attacks of Stroke) -- Blood Pressure -- Antiplatelets and Anticoagulants -- Cholesterol Lowering -- Quitting Tobacco, Engaging in Regular Physical Activity and Consuming a Healthy Diet -- 2. WHAT STRATEGIES THAT RESTORE BLOOD FLOW TO THE BRAIN IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR ISCHAEMIC STROKE PATIENTS? -- Intravenous Thrombolysis -- Endovascular Thrombectomy -- 3. DOES SURGICAL DECOMPRESSION IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR PATIENTS WITH LARGE ISCHAEMIC STROKE? -- 4. WHAT MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS IMPROVE OUTCOME IN INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE? -- Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering -- Haemostatic Agents to Stop the Bleeding -- 5. WHAT SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS IMPROVE OUTCOME IN INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE? -- Neurosurgical Evacuation -- Minimally Invasive Clot Evacuation -- Intraventricular Bleeding -- Bleeding due to Vascular Malformations -- 6. DO STRATEGIES TO REDUCE SECONDARY INJURY (CYTOPROTECTION) IMPROVE OUTCOME AFTER STROKE? -- 7. WHO SHOULD TAKE WHAT ACTION TO IMPROVE THE CURRENT SITUATION/GAPS /INEQUALITIES? -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Stroke Care: Stroke Units, New Therapies, Advances and the Future -- Jeyaraj D. Pandian1,*, Akanksha G. William1, Peter Langhorne2 and Richard Lindley3 -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. WHAT IS THE OPTIMAL CARE FOR STROKE PATIENTS IN HOSPITAL? -- Stroke Unit -- Primary Stroke Centre -- Comprehensive Stroke Centre -- 2. WHAT ARE THE KEY COMPONENTS OF STROKE UNIT CARE? -- Stroke centres -- 3. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF STROKE SERVICES? -- 4. WHAT ACTION NEEDS TO BE TAKEN AND BY WHOM TO ADDRESS GAPS IN STROKE CARE? -- 5. CAN NEW TECHNOLOGY IMPROVE EFFICACY OF THROMBOLYSIS IN STROKE PATIENTS? -- Sonothrombolysis -- Nanoparticles -- 6. CAN TECHNOLOGY BE USED IN STROKE REHABILITATION? -- Robotics -- Virtual Rehabilitation -- Nintendo Wii Gaming System -- Brain Computer Interphase -- Neuroprotectants -- 7. DOES STEM CELL TREATMENT IMPROVE STROKE OUTCOME? -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Sustainable Development Goals and Stroke -- Shanthi Mendis* -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH-RELATED MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS? -- 2. WHAT ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)? -- 3. HOW ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS LINKED TO HEALTH AND STROKE (NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES)? -- 4. WHAT ARE THE 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND 169 TARGETS? -- 4.1. Sustainable Development Goal 1 -- 4.2. Sustainable Development Goal 2 -- 4.3. Sustainable Development Goal 3 -- 4.4. Sustainable Development Goal 4 -- 4.5. Sustainable Development Goal 5 -- 4.6. Sustainable Development Goal 6 -- 4.7. Sustainable Development Goal 7 -- 4.8. Sustainable Development Goal 8 -- 4.9. Sustainable Development Goal 9 -- 4.10. Sustainable Development Goal 10 -- 4.11. Sustainable Development Goal 11 -- 4.12. Sustainable Development Goal 12 -- 4.13. Sustainable Development Goal 13.

4.14. Sustainable Development Goal 14 -- 4.15. Sustainable Development Goal 15 -- 4.16. Sustainable Development Goal 16 -- 4.17. Sustainable Development Goal 17 -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Economic and Societal Costs of Stroke -- Shanthi Mendis* -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF STROKE GLOBALLY? -- 2. WHAT IS THE PROJECTED COST OF STROKE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES? -- 3. WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF STROKE ON MACROECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY? -- 4. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE INDIRECT COSTS OF STROKE? -- 5. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE DIRECT COSTS OF STROKE? -- 6. HOW DO STROKE COSTS IMPACT ON NATIONAL HEALTH EXPENDITURE? -- 7. WHAT IS THE COST OF TREATING AN ACUTE STROKE? -- 8. WHAT IS THE COST OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION-RELATED STROKE? -- 9. WHAT ARE THE HOSPITAL COSTS OF STROKE BASED ON POPULATION STUDIES? -- 10. WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF STROKE? -- 11. WHAT ARE THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF STROKE ON HOUSEHOLDS? -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Understanding Stroke in a Global Context - Key Points in Plain Language -- Shanthi Mendis* -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- SUBJECT INDEX.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.