Stinging Insect Allergy : A Clinician's Guide.

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Part I -- Chapter 1: History of Hymenoptera Allergy -- In the Beginning -- Era of Discovery -- The Whole-Body Extract Era -- Increasing Uncertainty Regarding Whole-Body Extract -- The Purified Venom Era -- A Brief Look at the Other Stinging Insects: The Ants -- References -- Chapter 2: Entomological Aspects of Insect Sting Allergy -- Vespidae -- Bees -- Preventing Stings -- References -- Chapter 3: Hymenoptera Venoms: Toxicity, Components, Stability, and Standardization -- The Venom Apparatus: An Evolutionary Perspective -- Relation Between Venom Apparatus and Life Cycle -- Toxicity of Hymenoptera Venom -- Biological Function of Hymenoptera Venom Compounds -- Hymenoptera Venom Enzymes -- Hymenoptera Venom Protease Inhibitors -- Hymenoptera Venom Peptides -- Hymenoptera Venom Proteins with an Unknown Function -- Hymenoptera Venom Trace Compounds -- Protein and Peptide Heterogeneity -- Active Amines -- Standardization of Hymenoptera Venoms -- References -- Chapter 4: Clinical Aspects of Hymenoptera Allergy: IgE Response, Stings, and Immunotherapy -- Introduction -- Clinical Reactions to Hymenoptera Stings -- Toxic Reactions -- Unusual Reactions -- Death -- IgE Response to Venom Stings -- Immunotherapy to Hymenoptera -- References -- Chapter 5: Diagnostic In Vivo and In Vitro Methods in Insect Allergy -- In Vivo Tests for Confirmation of Sensitization -- In Vitro Tests for Confirmation of Sensitization -- Unique Diagnostic Considerations of Stinging Formicidae (Ants) -- Impact of Molecular Allergology on Insect Venom Allergy Diagnosis -- Discordant Confirmatory Test Results with the Clinical History -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6: Pathologic Findings in Hymenoptera Sting Fatalities -- Adverse Reactions to Hymenoptera Stings.

Two Main Categories of Hymenoptera Sting Fatalities -- Incidence of Insect Sting Allergy Fatalities -- Risk Factors for Fatal Sting Anaphylaxis -- Pathologic Findings in Fatal Insect Sting Anaphylaxis -- Features of Death from Hymenoptera Sting Anaphylaxis Versus Other Causes of Anaphylactic Deaths -- Case Reports of Reactions to Massive Stings -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Treatment of Hymenoptera Reactions: Acute and Prophylactic -- Treatment of Acute Sting Reactions -- Decreasing Future Reactions -- Emergency Epinephrine -- How to Initiate Venom Immunotherapy -- Patient Selection -- The Venom Skin Test-Negative Patient (Never Say Never) -- Venom Selection -- How Does Venom Immunotherapy Work? -- Management of Venom Immunotherapy -- Safety of Venom Immunotherapy -- Interval Between Venom Injections -- Monitoring of Venom Immunotherapy -- Honeybee Allergy Versus Vespid Allergy -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Adverse Reactions to Skin Testing and Immunotherapy with Hymenoptera Venoms and Whole-Body Extracts -- Introduction -- Adverse Reactions Associated with Skin Testing -- Adverse Reactions Associated with Venom Immunotherapy and Imported Fire ant Whole-Body Extracts -- Characterizing Adverse Reactions -- Systemic Allergic Reactions -- Rush and Ultra-Rush Immunotherapy -- Mast Cell Activation Disorders and the Importance of Baseline Serum Tryptase -- Medication use during VIT -- Autoimmune Complications -- Considerations in Children and Pregnancy -- Reducing the Risk of Adverse Events -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Duration of Venom Immunotherapy -- To Stop or Not to Stop -- Length of VIT Treatment -- Immunologic Changes or Other Test Procedures -- History of Pre-VIT Sting Reactions -- Tryptase/Mastocytosis -- Insect Species -- Systemic Reactions During VIT -- Medical Conditions and Medications.

Individual/Social Factors -- Long-Term Outcome -- Summary -- References -- Part II -- Chapter 10: Unique Aspects of Bee Allergy and Reactions -- Introduction -- Unique Aspects of Honeybees, Venom, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypersensitivity -- Epidemiology -- Entomological Factors -- Honeybee Stinger Apparatus and Sting Mechanism -- Honeybee Venom Composition and Relevance -- Diagnosis of Honeybee Venom Allergy -- Treatment of the Honeybee Venom-Allergic Patient -- Unique Clinical Reactions to Honeybees -- Honeybee Venom Sensitization/Reaction via Various Routes -- Reactions from Honeybee-Related Products -- Beekeepers -- Unusual Reactions to Honeybee Stings -- Africanized Honeybees -- Introduction -- Background -- Behavior-Venom -- Allergic Reactions vs. Toxic Reactions and Venom Components -- Sting Site Considerations -- Clinical Presentation, Evaluation, and Treatment of Multiple and Massive Envenomation -- Mortality -- Follow-Up of Those with Multiple and Massive Envenomation -- Avoidance -- Potential Direct Treatment of Massive Envenomation and/or Severe Toxic Reactions -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: The Imported Fire Ant: The US Experience -- Introduction -- Sting Attack Rates -- A Common Problem -- Reactions -- Evaluation and Treatment -- Prevention -- Immunotherapy -- Rush Immunotherapy (RIT) -- Systemic Reactions to Testing and Treatment -- Compliance with Therapy -- Range and Other Species -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Mosquito Hypersensitivity: Clinical Updates -- Introduction -- Mosquito Bite Hypersensitivity Reactions: Clinical and Immunologic Features -- Local Reactions -- Spectrum of Local to Systemic Reactions: An Evolution of Immune Responses -- Systemic Reactions: Anaphylaxis and beyond -- Mosquitoes, their Bites, and Salivary Proteins: Global Diversity and Complexity -- Mosquito Allergens and Diagnosis.

Management of Hypersensitivity to Mosquito Bites: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention -- Prevention and Treatment -- Mosquito Reaction Therapeutic Approaches -- Immunotherapy -- Future Directions in Research -- References -- Chapter 13: Reactions to Arthropod Bites -- Introduction -- Immediate Effects -- Trauma -- Neurotropic Venom -- Immediate-Type Hypersensitivity -- Late Phase -- Delayed Reactions -- Biting Arthropods -- Introduction -- Mosquitoes (Culicidae) -- Horseflies and Deerflies (Tabanidae) -- Other Biting Flies -- Thrips -- Lacewing Larvae -- True Bugs (Heteroptera) -- Arachnids and Centipedes -- Ticks -- Bedbugs -- Fleas -- Lice -- Scabies -- Allergic Immune Responses -- Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions -- Immediate-Type Hypersensitivity -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 14: Arthropods and Human Disease -- Introduction -- Arthropod-Borne Disease Characteristics and Transmission -- Arthropod-Borne Diseases in Humans -- Class Arachnida -- Tick-Borne Illnesses -- Babesiosis -- Ehrlichiosis -- Lyme Disease -- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -- Tularemia -- Class Insecta -- Bug-Borne -- Chagas Disease -- Flea-Borne -- Murine Typhus -- Plague -- Fly-Borne -- African Sleeping Sickness -- Leishmaniasis -- Louse-Borne -- Epidemic Typhus -- Mosquito-Borne -- Malaria -- Dengue Fever -- Yellow Fever -- Emerging Encephalitides -- West Nile Virus -- Zika -- Prevention and Control -- Alpha-Gal Allergy -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III -- Chapter 15: Behavior, Ecology, Natural History, and Distribution of Stinging Hymenoptera -- Stinging Insect Behavior -- Human Behavior -- Ecology and Distributions -- Honey Bees -- Yellowjackets -- Paper Wasps -- Hornets -- Fire Ants -- Other Ants -- Other Bees -- Other Social Wasps -- Solitary Wasps -- References -- Chapter 16: Insect Sting Allergy and Mast Cell Disease.

Definition of Primary Mast Cell Diseases -- Mastocytosis -- Monoclonal Mast Cell Activation Syndrome -- Diagnosis of Primary Mast Cell Diseases -- Baseline Serum Tryptase Concentration (BTC) -- Skin Examination -- Screening for a D816V KIT Mutation in the Peripheral Blood -- Bone Marrow (BM) Evaluation -- Bone Marrow Histology -- Bone Marrow Smear Morphology -- MC Immunophenotyping on Bone Marrow Aspirate -- Evaluation of a KIT Mutation in the Bone Marrow -- Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of Mastocytosis -- Hymenoptera Venom Allergy and Clonal Mast Cell Disorders -- Prevalence -- Pathophysiology -- Indication for a Screening for Mast Cell Diseases in Patients with Hymenoptera Venom Allergy -- Impact of Mastocytosis for HVA -- Severity of Sting Reactions -- Safety of VIT -- Efficacy of VIT -- Practical Recommendations for Managing Patients with a Hymenoptera Venom Allergy Simultaneously Suffering from an SM -- References -- Chapter 17: Insect Allergy: Unanswered Questions, a Postscript -- Mast Cell Disease and Hymenoptera Venom Allergy -- Diagnostic Challenges: History Positive, but Venom Testing Negative -- Duration of Treatment: How Long Is Long Enough? -- References -- Index.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.