Groundwater Remediation : A Practical Guide for Environmental Engineers and Scientists.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- 1 Conducting Groundwater Quality Investigations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Evolution of Site Assessments -- 1.3 Technology Limitations and Cleanup Goals -- 1.4 Conceptual Models -- 1.4.1 Source and Release Information -- 1.4.2 Geologic and Hydrogeologic Characterization -- 1.4.3 Contaminant Distribution, Transport and Fate -- 1.4.4 Geochemistry Impacting Natural Biodegradation -- 1.5 Risk Assessment Concepts -- 1.6 Institutional Controls -- 1.7 Risk-Based Cleanup Goals and Screening Level Evaluations -- 1.8 Assessing Plume Migration Potential -- 2 The Family of DNAPLs -- 2.1 Defining DNAPL -- 2.2 Chemicals and Origins -- 2.2.1 Creosote and Coal Tars -- 2.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls -- 2.2.3 Chlorinated Solvents -- 2.2.4 Mixtures -- 2.3 DNAPL Behavior -- 2.3.1 General Behavior and Concepts -- 2.3.2 Important Parameters for Site Characterization -- 2.4 Overview of Remediation Strategies -- 2.4.1 Remediation Goals -- 2.4.2 Technologies -- 2.4.2.1 Pump-and-Treat -- 2.4.2.2 Permeable Reactive Barriers -- 2.4.2.3 Physical Barriers -- 2.4.2.4 Enhanced Biodegradation -- 2.4.2.5 Thermal Technologies -- 2.4.2.6 Chemical Flushing -- 2.4.2.7 Excavation and Removal -- 2.4.2.8 Soil Vacuum Extraction -- 2.4.2.9 Water Flooding -- 2.4.2.10 Air Sparging -- 3 Hydrocarbons -- 3.1 Fate and Transport -- 3.1.1 General -- 3.1.2 Advective Transport -- 3.1.3 Dispersion -- 3.1.4 Sorption -- 3.1.5 Dilution and Recharge -- 3.1.6 Volatilization -- 3.2 Gasoline Compounds -- 3.2.1 General Description -- 3.2.2 The BTEX Compounds and MTBE -- 3.2.3 Properties of VOCs -- 3.2.4 Degradation -- 3.2.5 Half-Lifes -- 3.3 Pump and Treat -- 3.3.1 Concept -- 3.3.2 Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids -- 3.3.3 Contaminant Desorption and Precipitate Dissolution -- 3.3.4 Remedial Technologies.

3.3.5 EPA Cost Data for Pump-and-Treat -- 4 1,4-Dioxane -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Properties, Fate and Transport -- 4.3 Health Effects and Regulations -- 4.4 Remediation Technologies -- 4.4.1 Advanced Oxidation (Ex Situ) -- 4.4.2 Adsorption (GAC) (Ex Situ) -- 4.4.3 Bioremediation -- 4.4.4 Treatment in Soil -- 5 Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCS) -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Origins of the Contaminants -- 5.3 PFAs Properties and Structures -- 5.3.1 General Description -- 5.3.2 Variations of PFAS6 -- 5.3.3 PFOS -- 5.3.4 PFOA -- 5.4 Environmental Fate and Transport -- 5.5 Groundwater Contamination -- 5.6 Water Treatment -- 5.7 Estimating Carbon Treatement Costs -- 6 Chlorinated Solvents -- 6.1 Physico-Chemical Properties of Chlorinated Solvents -- 6.2 Origins of Groundwater Contamination -- 6.3 Fate and Transport -- 6.3.1 Properties -- 6.3.2 Degradation and Daughter Products -- 6.3.3 Biodegradation Half-Life -- 6.3.4 DNAPL Migration -- 6.4 Groundwater Remediation Strategies -- 6.4.1 Preliminary Considerations -- 6.4.2 Soil Excavation, Treatment and Disposal -- 6.4.3 Soil Vapor Extraction -- 6.4.4 Enhanced Methods of Soil Vapor Extraction -- 6.4.5 In Situ Air Sparging -- 6.4.6 Enhanced Biodegradation -- 6.4.7 In-well Aeration and Recirculation -- 6.4.8 Reactive and Permeable Walls -- 6.5 Costs -- 6.5.1 Soil Excavation, Treatment and Disposal -- 6.5.2 Soil Vapor Extraction -- 6.5.3 Air Sparging Comparisons to other Technologies -- 7 Mineral Ions and Natural Groundwater Contaminants -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Secondary Drinking Water Standards -- 7.3 Irrigation Water Quality Standards -- 7.3.1 Salts -- 7.3.2 Water Analysis Terminology -- 7.3.3 Types of Salt Problems -- 7.3.4 Salinity Hazard -- 7.3.5 Sodium Hazard -- 7.3.6 Trace Elements and Limits -- 7.4 Water Treatment Membrane Technologies -- 7.4.1 Overview -- 7.4.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) -- 7.4.3 Nanofiltration.

7.4.4 Microfiltration -- 7.4.5 Ultrafiltration -- 7.4.6 Treatment Costs -- 7.4.7 Secondary Wastes -- 7.4.8 Selection Criteria -- 7.5 Ion Exchange -- 7.5.1 Technology Description -- 7.5.2 Chelating Agents -- 7.5.3 Batch and Column Exchange Systems -- 7.5.4 Process Equipment -- 7.5.5 Cost Data -- 7.6 Crystallization -- 7.6.1 Technology Description -- 7.6.2 Forced-Circulation Crysallizers -- 7.6.3 Draft-tube Crystallizers and Draft-tube-baffle Crystallizers -- 7.6.4 Surface-Cooled Crystallizers -- 7.6.5 Oslo Crystallizers -- 7.6.6 Fluid-Bed Type Crystallizers -- 8 Heavy Metals and Mixed Media Remediation Technologies for Contaminated Soils and Groundwater -- 8.1 Nature of the Problem -- 8.2 Toxic Metal Chemical Forms, Speciation and Properties -- 8.3 Remedial Technology Strategies -- 8.3.1 Isolation -- 8.3.2 Capping -- 8.3.3 Subsurface Barriers -- 8.3.4 Immobilization -- 8.3.5 Solidification/Stabilization -- 8.3.6 Vitrification -- 8.3.7 Toxicity and Mobility Reduction -- 8.3.8 Wet Oxidation Process -- 8.3.9 Advanced Oxidation Technologies -- 8.3.10 Permeable Treatment Walls -- 8.3.11 Biological Treatment -- 8.3.12 Physical Separation -- 8.3.13 Extraction -- 8.3.14 Soil Washing -- 8.3.15 Soil Screening -- 8.3.16 Chemical Treatment -- 8.3.17 Physical Treatment -- 8.3.18 Pyrometallurgical Extraction -- 8.3.19 In Situ Soil Flushing -- 8.3.20 Electrokinetic Treatment -- 8.4 Cost Data -- 8.4.1 General Cost Information -- 8.4.2 Site Capping -- 8.4.3 In situ Solidification/Stabilization -- 8.4.4 Ex Situ Solidification/Stabilization -- 8.4.5 Soil Washing -- 8.4.6 Slurry Walls -- Index -- EULA.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.