The Political Economy of Energy Subsidy Reform.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Overview -- Why Reform? -- What Is Subsidy Reform? -- Analytical Framework -- A Political Economy Analysis of the Onset, Evolution, and Reform of Subsidy Regimes -- Case Study Selection -- Conclusions -- Annex 1A Episodes of Subsidy Reform -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 The Dominican Republic: From Generalized to Targeted Subsidies -- Introduction -- Country Economic and Political Context -- Energy Sector Overview -- Reform of LPG Subsidies -- Reform of Electricity Subsidies -- Circumstances That Enabled Reforms -- An Unfinished Agenda -- Conclusions -- Annex 2A Political Chronology of the Dominican Republic -- Annex 2B Timeline of Recent Energy Subsidy and Related Political Events in the Dominican Republic -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Ghana: Lessons Learned, New Strategies -- Introduction -- Country Political and Economic Context -- The Reform of Subsidies -- Circumstances That Enabled Reforms -- Conclusions -- Annex 3A Political Chronology of Ghana -- Annex 3B Ghana's Poverty Reduction Programs -- Annex 3C Chronology of Energy Subsidy Reform Efforts -- Annex 3D Typical Price Build Up (PBU) -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Indonesia: Pricing Reforms, Social Assistance, and the Importance of Perceptions -- Introduction -- Country Economic and Political Context -- Reform of Gasoline and Diesel Subsidies -- Understanding the Circumstances That Enabled Reform -- Conclusions -- Annex 4A Political Chronology of Indonesia -- Annex 4B Chronology of Energy Subsidies -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Jordan: Reform amid Turmoil -- Introduction -- Country Political and Economic Context -- Subsidy Reform -- Circumstances That Enabled Reform -- An Ongoing Agenda -- Conclusions -- Annex 5A Political Chronology of Jordan.

Annex 5B Chronology of Energy Subsidies in Jordan -- Annex 5C Timeline of Events in Jordan, 2011-13 -- Notes -- References -- Appendix A The Political Economy of Subsidy Reform: Conceptual Framework -- Box -- Box 4.1 Unpacking the Many Meanings of "Reform" -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Distributive Impact of Fuel Subsidies in Indonesia -- Figure 1.2 Life Cycle of a Subsidy Regime -- Figure 2.1 Economic Growth and Poverty Trends in the Dominican Republic -- Figure 2.2 Growth Incidence Curves of Income per Capita -- Figure 2.3 Income Inequality in the Dominican Republic Relative to Latin America and the Caribbean Region, 2000-13 -- Figure 2.4 Central Government Revenues and Expenditures in the Dominican Republic -- Figure 2.5 Government Spending as a Share of GDP in the Dominican Republic, by Category, 2008-14 -- Figure 2.6 Public Spending on Untargeted LPG Subsidies and Bonogas in the Dominican Republic, as a Share of GDP, 2004-12 -- Figure 2.7 Concentration of Income and Gas Subsidies in the Dominican Republic before Bonogas, 2007 -- Figure 2.8 Concentration of Income and Gas Subsidies in the Dominican Republic after Bonogas, 2007 -- Figure 2.9 LPG Consumption in the Dominican Republic, 2003-13 -- Figure 2.10 Public Expenditures on Electricity Subsidies and Bonoluz in the Dominican Republic, 2004-12 -- Figure 2.11 Total Electricity Subsidies Relative to PRA Subsidy, the Dominican Republic, 2005-10 -- Figure 2.12 Numbers of Registered EDE Clients and Bonoluz Beneficiaries, the Dominican Republic, 2009-14 -- Figure 2.13 Electricity Sector Subsidies and Other Government Transfers, the Dominican Republic -- Figure 2.14 Electricity Sector Subsidy and Oil Price Trends, the Dominican Republic, 2000-13 -- Figure 2.15 Concentration of Income and Electricity Subsidies before Bonoluz, by Income Decile, the Dominican Republic.

Figure 3.1 Real GDP Growth in Ghana, 2009-14 -- Figure 3.2 Fiscal Balance in Ghana, 2009-14 -- Figure 3.3 Recent Inflation and Currency Depreciation Rates in Ghana -- Figure 3.4 Poverty Rates in Ghana, Selected Years -- Figure 3.5 Projected Oil Production in Ghana, 2016-36 -- Figure 3.6 Petroleum Product Consumption in Ghana, 2010-15 -- Figure 3.7 Local Pump Prices in Ghana, 1990-2015 -- Figure 3.8 Petroleum Subsidy Trends in Ghana, 2010-15 -- Figure 4.1 GDP Growth in Indonesia, 1980-2014 -- Figure 4.2 Poverty and Equity Trends in Indonesia -- Figure 4.3 Subsidies as a Share of the Indonesian Budget, by Type, 2013 -- Figure 4.4 Government Revenue, Expenditure, and Fuel Subsidy Trends in Indonesia -- Figure 4.5 Primary Energy Supply in Indonesia, 2004 and 2014 -- Figure 4.6 Oil Production, Consumption, and Price in Indonesia, 1965-2014 -- Figure 4.7 Fuel Imports in Indonesia, 2005-14 -- Figure 4.8 Gasoline Sales and Vehicle Ownership Trends in Indonesia, 2000-13 -- Figure 4.9 Gasoline and Diesel Price Adjustments (Nominal) in Indonesia, 1966-2000 -- Figure 4.10 Timeline of Gasoline and Diesel Subsidy Cost, World Oil Prices, and Subsidy Reforms in Indonesia, 2000-15 -- Figure 4.11 Timeline of Nominal Subsidized Gasoline and Diesel Prices and Subsidy Reforms in Indonesia, 2000-15 -- Figure 4.12 Indonesian Approval Ratings of President Yudhoyono During Periods of Fuel Price Hikes and Cash Transfers, 2005-09 -- Figure 4.13 Government Expenditure on Energy Subsidies in Indonesia, 2007-15 -- Figure 4.14 Inflation and Consumer Price Index in Indonesia, January 2014 to May 2015 -- Figure 4.15 Gasoline and Diesel Consumption in Indonesia, by Household Consumption Decile, 2004 and 2014 -- Figure 4.16 Gasoline and Diesel Consumption as a Share of Total Consumption in Indonesia, by Household Consumption Decile, 2004 and 2014.

Figure 4.17 Distribution of Gasoline and Diesel Subsidies in Indonesia, by Household Consumption Decile, 2004 and 2014 -- Figure 4.18 Energy Subsidy Benefit in Indonesia, by Household Market Income Decile, 2012 -- Figure 4.19 Citizens' Top Three Priorities for Reducing Inequality in Indonesia, 2014 -- Figure 5.1 GDP Growth in Jordan, 1994-2014 -- Figure 5.2 Central Government Net Debt including Government Guarantees, as a Share of GDP, Jordan, 1998-2014 -- Figure 5.3 GDP Per Capita, Poverty, and Unemployment in Jordan, 2000-14 -- Figure 5.4 Fiscal Operations in Jordan, 2001-14 -- Figure 5.5 Domestic Fuel Prices in Jordan, 2008-13 -- Figure 5.6 Fuel Subsidies, Oil Imports, and Account Balances as a Share of GDP in Jordan, 2001-14 -- Figure 5.7 Excess Reserves in Jordan, 2008-15 -- Figure 5.8 Domestic and International Diesel Prices, Jordan, 2008-14 -- Figure 5.9 Public Expenditures on Subsidies in Jordan as a Share of GDP, 2004-14 -- Figure 5.10 Concentration of Expenditures and Fuel Subsidies before Reform in Jordan, 2010 -- Figure 5.11 Simulated Concentration of Expenditures and Cash Transfers after Subsidy Reform in Jordan -- Figure 5.12 Subsidy Reform Perceptions and Preferences in Jordan, 2012 -- Figure 5C.1 Political Events and Government Actions in Jordan, January 2011 to January 2013 -- Maps -- Map 4.1 Poverty Rates in Indonesia, by Province, 2010 -- Map 4.2 Public Support for Fuel Subsidy Reform in Indonesia, by Region, 2014 -- Tables -- Table 1.1 Dimensions of Subsidy Policy Benefits -- Table 1.2 Characterizing Subsidy Policy Benefits: Basic Framework -- Table 1A.1 Subsidy Reform Episodes, Chronologically by Country, in the Four Case Study Countries -- Table 2.1 HOI for Education, Safe Water and Sanitation, Housing, and Assets Ownership in the Dominican Republic, 2000-11.

Table 2.2 Electricity Supply and Losses in PRA Neighborhoods, Dominican Republic, 2004-09 -- Table 2.3 Characterizing LPG Subsidy Benefits in the Dominican Republic -- Table 2.4 Characterizing Electricity Subsidy Benefits in the Dominican Republic -- Table 2A.1 Major Political Events in the Dominican Republic, 1821-2016 -- Table 2B.1 Energy-Related Events and Subsidy Reform Efforts in the Dominican Republic, 1990s-2016 -- Table 3.1 Net Impact of Cross-Subsidies in Ghana, 2015 -- Table 3.2 Share of Household Budget Spent on Fuel in Ghana, by Income Quintile, 2015 -- Table 3.3 Distribution of Subsidy Benefits in Ghana, by Household Consumption Quintile, 2014 -- Table 3.4 Direct Impact of Fuel Price Increases in Ghana, by Household Income Quintile, 2014 -- Table 3.5 Characterizing Subsidy Policy Benefits in Ghana -- Table 3A.1 Major Political Events in Ghana, 1843-2013 -- Table 3C.1 Events Related to Subsidy Reform in Ghana, 2001-16 -- Table 3D.1 Typical Petroleum Product Price Build Up -- Table 4.1 Indonesia Macroeconomic Indicators, 1996-99 -- Table 4.2 Gasoline Prices in Indonesia (Java, Madura, Bali Areas), 2014-15 -- Table 4.3 Comparison of Pump and Actual Prices of 88-Octane Gasoline in Indonesia, 2015 -- Table 4.4 Compound Annual Growth Rate (Nominal) of Household Expenditure on Fuel Consumption in Indonesia, by Decile, 2004-14 -- Table 4.5 Characterizing Subsidy Policy Benefits in Indonesia -- Table 4.6 Framework for Characterizing Benefits of Gasoline and Diesel Subsidies in Indonesia -- Table 4.7 Different Types of Gasoline and Diesel Subsidy Reform in Indonesia, 2001-15 -- Table 4.8 Costs and Benefits of "Price Increase" Reforms in Indonesia, 2014 -- Table 4.9 Costs and Benefits of "Institutional" Reforms in Indonesia -- Table 4.10 Subsidy Reform Compensation Packages in Indonesia, 2003-14.

Table 4.11 Costs and Benefits of "Complementary" Reforms in Indonesia, 2014.

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