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Handbook of Nanocellulose and Cellulose Nanocomposites.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2017Copyright date: ©2017Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (896 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783527689989
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Handbook of Nanocellulose and Cellulose NanocompositesLOC classification:
  • TA455.C43.H363 2017eb
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword 1 -- Foreword 2 -- Foreword 3 -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Methods for Extraction of Nanocellulose from Various Sources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Hierarchical Structure of Natural Fibers -- 1.3 Cellulose Fibers: Structure and Chemistry -- 1.4 Main Cellulose Sources -- 1.4.1 Plants -- 1.4.2 Tunicates -- 1.4.3 Algae -- 1.4.4 Bacteria -- 1.5 Classification of Nanocellulose Structures -- 1.5.1 Microcrystalline Cellulose -- 1.5.2 Cellulose Microfibrils -- 1.5.3 Cellulose Nanofibrils -- 1.5.4 Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 1.5.5 Amorphous Nanocellulose -- 1.5.6 Cellulose Nanoyarn -- 1.6 Preparation Techniques of Various Types of Nanocellulose -- 1.6.1 Preparation of CNF/CMF -- 1.6.1.1 High-Pressure Homogenization -- 1.6.1.2 Microfluidization -- 1.6.1.3 Grinding -- 1.6.1.4 Cryocrushing -- 1.6.1.5 High-Intensity Ultrasonication -- 1.6.2 CNC Preparation -- 1.6.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis -- 1.6.2.2 Hydrolysis with Solid Acids -- 1.6.2.3 Hydrolysis with Gaseous Acids -- 1.6.2.4 Hydrolysis with Metal Salt Catalyst -- 1.6.2.5 Other Preparation Techniques -- 1.6.3 Preparation of Nanoparticles of Amorphous Cellulose -- 1.6.4 Preparation of Cellulose Nanoyarn -- 1.7 Pretreatment -- 1.7.1 Pulping Processes -- 1.7.2 Bleaching -- 1.7.3 Alkaline-Acid-Alkaline Pretreatment -- 1.7.4 Enzymatic Pretreatment -- 1.7.5 Ionic Liquids -- 1.7.6 Oxidation -- 1.7.7 Steam Explosion -- 1.7.8 Other Pretreatments -- 1.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2 Characterization of Various Kinds of Nanocellulose -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods of Investigations -- 2.2.1 X-Ray Scattering -- 2.2.1.1 Evaluation of the Allomorph Type by Determining Positions of the Main Diffraction Peaks -- 2.2.1.2 Calculation of Interplanar Distances (d) in Crystalline Lattice by Means of Bragg's Equation.
2.2.1.3 Calculation of Parameters of Crystalline Unit Cell -- 2.2.1.4 Calculation of Lateral Sizes of Nanocrystallites -- 2.2.1.5 Calculation of Crystallinity -- 2.2.2 CP/MAS 13C NMR -- 2.2.3 Electron Microscopy -- 2.2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy -- 2.2.5 Laser Light Scattering -- 2.2.6 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy -- 2.2.7 Thermoanalytical Methods -- 2.2.8 Physicomechanical Properties -- 2.2.8.1 Physical Testing -- 2.2.8.2 Mechanical Testing -- 2.2.9 Physicochemical Methods -- 2.2.9.1 Sorption -- 2.2.9.2 Calorimetry -- 2.2.9.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 2.2.9.4 Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 2.2.9.5 Viscometry Methods -- 2.2.9.6 Zeta Potential -- 2.2.10 Chemical and Biochemical Methods -- 2.2.10.1 Chemical Methods -- 2.2.10.2 Biochemical Methods -- 2.3 Characterization of Various Kinds of Nanocellulose -- 2.3.1 Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 2.3.2 Characterization of Fibrous Nanocellulose -- 2.4 Concluding Remark -- References -- Chapter 3 Surface Modification of Nanocellulose -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Esterification of Nanocellulose -- 3.2.1 Acetylation of Nanocellulose with Acetic Anhydride -- 3.2.2 Esterification of Nanocellulose with Carboxylic Acid -- 3.2.3 Gas-Phase Esterification of Nanocellulose -- 3.3 Silylation of Nanocellulose -- 3.4 Grafting of Polymers onto Nanocellulose -- 3.5 Cross-linking of Nanocellulose with Glyoxal -- 3.6 Nanocellulose with Surface-Sulfonated Functionalities -- 3.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 Self-Assembly of Native Cellulose Nanostructures -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cellulose Nanocrystal Assemblies and Implications -- 4.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Nanocelluloses -- 4.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogels and Supracolloidal Interactions -- 4.5 Self-Assembled Nanocomposites Based on Nanocelluloses -- 4.6 Nanocellulose Aerogels.
4.7 Fibers Based on Nanocelluloses -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Thermoplastic Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cellulosic Nanostructures -- 5.3 Overview of Thermoplastic Cellulose Composites and Nanocomposites -- 5.4 Processing Techniques -- 5.4.1 Casting/Evaporation -- 5.4.1.1 Processing from Aqueous Medium -- 5.4.1.2 Processing from Non-aqueous Liquid Medium -- 5.4.2 Electrospinning -- 5.4.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly -- 5.4.4 Melt Processing -- 5.5 Performance Influencing Factors -- 5.5.1 Fiber Dispersion -- 5.5.2 Fiber-Matrix Adhesion -- 5.5.3 Fiber Aspect Ratio -- 5.5.4 Fiber Orientation -- 5.5.5 Fiber Volume Fraction -- 5.6 Characterization of Thermoplastic Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 5.6.1 Morphological Properties -- 5.6.2 Mechanical Properties -- 5.6.3 Thermal Properties -- 5.6.4 Optical Transparency -- 5.7 Potential Applications -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Elastomeric Nanocomposites Reinforced with Nanocellulose and Nanochitin -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Matrix Polymers -- 6.2.1 Natural Rubber-Based Bionanocomposites -- 6.2.2 Synthetic Rubber-Based Bionanocomposites -- 6.2.3 Cross-Linked Rubber-Based Nanocomposites -- 6.3 Processing Techniques -- 6.3.1 Latex Mixing -- 6.3.2 Solution Casting -- 6.3.3 Two Roll Mill Mixing -- 6.4 Properties -- 6.4.1 Morphology -- 6.4.2 Solvent Interaction -- 6.4.3 Mechanical Properties -- 6.5 Applications -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Thermoset Cellulose Nanocomposites: Flammability Characteristics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fire Retardancy -- 7.3 Thermosetting Polymers -- 7.4 Cellulose and Its Nanocellulose -- 7.5 Thermoset Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 7.6 Strategies to Impart Flammability in Thermosets -- 7.6.1 Intumescent Coatings -- 7.6.2 Nanoparticles -- 7.6.3 Surface Treatment.
7.6.4 Impregnation with a Solution -- 7.7 Flammability Characterization -- 7.7.1 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) -- 7.7.2 Underwriters' Laboratories (UL-94) Test -- 7.7.3 Cone Calorimetry -- 7.7.4 Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) -- 7.8 Applications -- 7.8.1 Thermoset Fiber Composite Materials -- 7.8.2 Cellulose and Its Nanomaterials -- 7.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8 Hybrid Filler (Cellulose/Noncellulose) Reinforced Nanocomposites -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Setting the Challenge for Hybrid Composites -- 8.1.2 Hierarchical Structure in Hybrid Nanocomposites -- 8.2 Attributes Contributed by the Mineral-Based Reinforcement -- 8.2.1 Water Uptake Reduction -- 8.2.2 Fire Resistance -- 8.2.3 Thermal Stability and Resistance to Heat Distortion -- 8.2.4 Thermal Conductivity -- 8.2.5 Gas Barrier -- 8.2.6 Force to Failure -- 8.2.7 Modulus of Elasticity -- 8.2.8 Toughness -- 8.2.9 Compatibility -- 8.2.10 Intercalation Effects -- 8.3 Attributes Contributed by the Cellulosic Reinforcement -- 8.3.1 Low Density -- 8.3.2 Fiber Agglomeration -- 8.3.3 Compatibility -- 8.3.4 Effects of the Cellulosic Component on Composite Strength -- 8.4 Processing in Preparation of Hybrid Composites -- 8.4.1 Thermoplastics -- 8.4.2 Thermoset or Curing Resins as Matrix -- 8.4.3 Soluble Matrix Materials -- 8.4.4 Cellulose as the Matrix -- 8.4.5 Prescribed Alignment of Reinforcing Fibers -- 8.4.6 Layering -- 8.4.7 Woven Fabric as the Cellulosic Reinforcement -- 8.5 Practical Considerations -- 8.5.1 Cost -- 8.5.2 Safety -- 8.5.3 Formulation and Practical Design Considerations -- 8.5.4 Eco-Friendly Character -- 8.6 Summing It Up -- 8.6.1 Rule of Mixtures -- 8.6.2 Evidence of Synergism -- 8.6.3 Load Distribution -- 8.6.4 Linkages -- 8.6.5 Is There a "Nano Effect" for Hybrid Composites? -- References -- Chapter 9 Fully Green Cellulose Nanocomposites.
9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bionanocomposite Based on CNF -- 9.2.1 Biomass-Based Polyester Matrix -- 9.2.2 Natural Polymer Matrices -- 9.3 Bionanocomposite Based on CNC -- 9.3.1 Biomass-Based Polyester Matrices -- 9.3.2 Natural Polymers Matrices -- 9.4 Role of CNF and CNC in Bionanocomposites -- 9.4.1 Distribution of CNF and CNC in Matrix -- 9.4.2 Effects of CNF and CNC on Properties -- 9.4.3 Effects of CNF and CNC on Microstructure -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Coupling Agent Usage in the Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF)- and Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Based Nanocomposites -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Application of Coupling Agents in Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 10.2.1 General Overview -- 10.2.2 Types and Classification -- 10.3 Coupling Reaction Mechanisms -- 10.3.1 Pretreatment of the Cellulose with Coupling Agent -- 10.3.1.1 Coating Treatment -- 10.3.1.2 Graft Copolymerization -- 10.3.2 Pretreatment of the Polymeric Matrix with Coupling Agent -- 10.3.2.1 Maleation -- 10.3.2.2 Methacrylate Graft Copolymerization -- 10.3.3 Unified Mixing and Treatment with Coupling Agent: Use of Additives or Initiators -- 10.4 Evaluation of Effectively Coupling Reactions -- 10.4.1 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties -- 10.4.2 Evaluation of Thermal Properties -- 10.4.3 Evaluation of Barrier Properties -- 10.4.4 Evaluation of Morphological Properties -- 10.4.5 Evaluation of Physical Properties -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Microscopic Analysis of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF)- and Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Based Nanocomposites -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Microscopic Techniques for Nanocellulose Analysis -- 11.2.1 Optical Microscopy -- 11.2.2 Electron Microscopy -- 11.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy.
11.3 Strategies for the Imaging of Nanoreinforcements in the Nanocomposites.
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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword 1 -- Foreword 2 -- Foreword 3 -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Methods for Extraction of Nanocellulose from Various Sources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Hierarchical Structure of Natural Fibers -- 1.3 Cellulose Fibers: Structure and Chemistry -- 1.4 Main Cellulose Sources -- 1.4.1 Plants -- 1.4.2 Tunicates -- 1.4.3 Algae -- 1.4.4 Bacteria -- 1.5 Classification of Nanocellulose Structures -- 1.5.1 Microcrystalline Cellulose -- 1.5.2 Cellulose Microfibrils -- 1.5.3 Cellulose Nanofibrils -- 1.5.4 Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 1.5.5 Amorphous Nanocellulose -- 1.5.6 Cellulose Nanoyarn -- 1.6 Preparation Techniques of Various Types of Nanocellulose -- 1.6.1 Preparation of CNF/CMF -- 1.6.1.1 High-Pressure Homogenization -- 1.6.1.2 Microfluidization -- 1.6.1.3 Grinding -- 1.6.1.4 Cryocrushing -- 1.6.1.5 High-Intensity Ultrasonication -- 1.6.2 CNC Preparation -- 1.6.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis -- 1.6.2.2 Hydrolysis with Solid Acids -- 1.6.2.3 Hydrolysis with Gaseous Acids -- 1.6.2.4 Hydrolysis with Metal Salt Catalyst -- 1.6.2.5 Other Preparation Techniques -- 1.6.3 Preparation of Nanoparticles of Amorphous Cellulose -- 1.6.4 Preparation of Cellulose Nanoyarn -- 1.7 Pretreatment -- 1.7.1 Pulping Processes -- 1.7.2 Bleaching -- 1.7.3 Alkaline-Acid-Alkaline Pretreatment -- 1.7.4 Enzymatic Pretreatment -- 1.7.5 Ionic Liquids -- 1.7.6 Oxidation -- 1.7.7 Steam Explosion -- 1.7.8 Other Pretreatments -- 1.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2 Characterization of Various Kinds of Nanocellulose -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods of Investigations -- 2.2.1 X-Ray Scattering -- 2.2.1.1 Evaluation of the Allomorph Type by Determining Positions of the Main Diffraction Peaks -- 2.2.1.2 Calculation of Interplanar Distances (d) in Crystalline Lattice by Means of Bragg's Equation.

2.2.1.3 Calculation of Parameters of Crystalline Unit Cell -- 2.2.1.4 Calculation of Lateral Sizes of Nanocrystallites -- 2.2.1.5 Calculation of Crystallinity -- 2.2.2 CP/MAS 13C NMR -- 2.2.3 Electron Microscopy -- 2.2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy -- 2.2.5 Laser Light Scattering -- 2.2.6 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy -- 2.2.7 Thermoanalytical Methods -- 2.2.8 Physicomechanical Properties -- 2.2.8.1 Physical Testing -- 2.2.8.2 Mechanical Testing -- 2.2.9 Physicochemical Methods -- 2.2.9.1 Sorption -- 2.2.9.2 Calorimetry -- 2.2.9.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 2.2.9.4 Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 2.2.9.5 Viscometry Methods -- 2.2.9.6 Zeta Potential -- 2.2.10 Chemical and Biochemical Methods -- 2.2.10.1 Chemical Methods -- 2.2.10.2 Biochemical Methods -- 2.3 Characterization of Various Kinds of Nanocellulose -- 2.3.1 Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 2.3.2 Characterization of Fibrous Nanocellulose -- 2.4 Concluding Remark -- References -- Chapter 3 Surface Modification of Nanocellulose -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Esterification of Nanocellulose -- 3.2.1 Acetylation of Nanocellulose with Acetic Anhydride -- 3.2.2 Esterification of Nanocellulose with Carboxylic Acid -- 3.2.3 Gas-Phase Esterification of Nanocellulose -- 3.3 Silylation of Nanocellulose -- 3.4 Grafting of Polymers onto Nanocellulose -- 3.5 Cross-linking of Nanocellulose with Glyoxal -- 3.6 Nanocellulose with Surface-Sulfonated Functionalities -- 3.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 Self-Assembly of Native Cellulose Nanostructures -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cellulose Nanocrystal Assemblies and Implications -- 4.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Nanocelluloses -- 4.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogels and Supracolloidal Interactions -- 4.5 Self-Assembled Nanocomposites Based on Nanocelluloses -- 4.6 Nanocellulose Aerogels.

4.7 Fibers Based on Nanocelluloses -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Thermoplastic Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cellulosic Nanostructures -- 5.3 Overview of Thermoplastic Cellulose Composites and Nanocomposites -- 5.4 Processing Techniques -- 5.4.1 Casting/Evaporation -- 5.4.1.1 Processing from Aqueous Medium -- 5.4.1.2 Processing from Non-aqueous Liquid Medium -- 5.4.2 Electrospinning -- 5.4.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly -- 5.4.4 Melt Processing -- 5.5 Performance Influencing Factors -- 5.5.1 Fiber Dispersion -- 5.5.2 Fiber-Matrix Adhesion -- 5.5.3 Fiber Aspect Ratio -- 5.5.4 Fiber Orientation -- 5.5.5 Fiber Volume Fraction -- 5.6 Characterization of Thermoplastic Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 5.6.1 Morphological Properties -- 5.6.2 Mechanical Properties -- 5.6.3 Thermal Properties -- 5.6.4 Optical Transparency -- 5.7 Potential Applications -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Elastomeric Nanocomposites Reinforced with Nanocellulose and Nanochitin -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Matrix Polymers -- 6.2.1 Natural Rubber-Based Bionanocomposites -- 6.2.2 Synthetic Rubber-Based Bionanocomposites -- 6.2.3 Cross-Linked Rubber-Based Nanocomposites -- 6.3 Processing Techniques -- 6.3.1 Latex Mixing -- 6.3.2 Solution Casting -- 6.3.3 Two Roll Mill Mixing -- 6.4 Properties -- 6.4.1 Morphology -- 6.4.2 Solvent Interaction -- 6.4.3 Mechanical Properties -- 6.5 Applications -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Thermoset Cellulose Nanocomposites: Flammability Characteristics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fire Retardancy -- 7.3 Thermosetting Polymers -- 7.4 Cellulose and Its Nanocellulose -- 7.5 Thermoset Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 7.6 Strategies to Impart Flammability in Thermosets -- 7.6.1 Intumescent Coatings -- 7.6.2 Nanoparticles -- 7.6.3 Surface Treatment.

7.6.4 Impregnation with a Solution -- 7.7 Flammability Characterization -- 7.7.1 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) -- 7.7.2 Underwriters' Laboratories (UL-94) Test -- 7.7.3 Cone Calorimetry -- 7.7.4 Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) -- 7.8 Applications -- 7.8.1 Thermoset Fiber Composite Materials -- 7.8.2 Cellulose and Its Nanomaterials -- 7.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8 Hybrid Filler (Cellulose/Noncellulose) Reinforced Nanocomposites -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Setting the Challenge for Hybrid Composites -- 8.1.2 Hierarchical Structure in Hybrid Nanocomposites -- 8.2 Attributes Contributed by the Mineral-Based Reinforcement -- 8.2.1 Water Uptake Reduction -- 8.2.2 Fire Resistance -- 8.2.3 Thermal Stability and Resistance to Heat Distortion -- 8.2.4 Thermal Conductivity -- 8.2.5 Gas Barrier -- 8.2.6 Force to Failure -- 8.2.7 Modulus of Elasticity -- 8.2.8 Toughness -- 8.2.9 Compatibility -- 8.2.10 Intercalation Effects -- 8.3 Attributes Contributed by the Cellulosic Reinforcement -- 8.3.1 Low Density -- 8.3.2 Fiber Agglomeration -- 8.3.3 Compatibility -- 8.3.4 Effects of the Cellulosic Component on Composite Strength -- 8.4 Processing in Preparation of Hybrid Composites -- 8.4.1 Thermoplastics -- 8.4.2 Thermoset or Curing Resins as Matrix -- 8.4.3 Soluble Matrix Materials -- 8.4.4 Cellulose as the Matrix -- 8.4.5 Prescribed Alignment of Reinforcing Fibers -- 8.4.6 Layering -- 8.4.7 Woven Fabric as the Cellulosic Reinforcement -- 8.5 Practical Considerations -- 8.5.1 Cost -- 8.5.2 Safety -- 8.5.3 Formulation and Practical Design Considerations -- 8.5.4 Eco-Friendly Character -- 8.6 Summing It Up -- 8.6.1 Rule of Mixtures -- 8.6.2 Evidence of Synergism -- 8.6.3 Load Distribution -- 8.6.4 Linkages -- 8.6.5 Is There a "Nano Effect" for Hybrid Composites? -- References -- Chapter 9 Fully Green Cellulose Nanocomposites.

9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bionanocomposite Based on CNF -- 9.2.1 Biomass-Based Polyester Matrix -- 9.2.2 Natural Polymer Matrices -- 9.3 Bionanocomposite Based on CNC -- 9.3.1 Biomass-Based Polyester Matrices -- 9.3.2 Natural Polymers Matrices -- 9.4 Role of CNF and CNC in Bionanocomposites -- 9.4.1 Distribution of CNF and CNC in Matrix -- 9.4.2 Effects of CNF and CNC on Properties -- 9.4.3 Effects of CNF and CNC on Microstructure -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Coupling Agent Usage in the Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF)- and Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Based Nanocomposites -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Application of Coupling Agents in Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 10.2.1 General Overview -- 10.2.2 Types and Classification -- 10.3 Coupling Reaction Mechanisms -- 10.3.1 Pretreatment of the Cellulose with Coupling Agent -- 10.3.1.1 Coating Treatment -- 10.3.1.2 Graft Copolymerization -- 10.3.2 Pretreatment of the Polymeric Matrix with Coupling Agent -- 10.3.2.1 Maleation -- 10.3.2.2 Methacrylate Graft Copolymerization -- 10.3.3 Unified Mixing and Treatment with Coupling Agent: Use of Additives or Initiators -- 10.4 Evaluation of Effectively Coupling Reactions -- 10.4.1 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties -- 10.4.2 Evaluation of Thermal Properties -- 10.4.3 Evaluation of Barrier Properties -- 10.4.4 Evaluation of Morphological Properties -- 10.4.5 Evaluation of Physical Properties -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Microscopic Analysis of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF)- and Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Based Nanocomposites -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Microscopic Techniques for Nanocellulose Analysis -- 11.2.1 Optical Microscopy -- 11.2.2 Electron Microscopy -- 11.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy.

11.3 Strategies for the Imaging of Nanoreinforcements in the Nanocomposites.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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