Graphene Oxide : Fundamentals and Applications.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Part I Fundamentals -- Chapter 1 Graphite Oxide Story - From the Beginning Till the Graphene Hype -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Preparation of Graphite Oxide -- 1.2.1 Trials for Improving and Simplifying GO Preparation -- 1.2.2 Over-Oxidation of Graphite -- 1.2.3 Formation Mechanism - First Approximation -- 1.3 Discovery of Essential Functional O‐Containing Groups and its Relation to the Development of Structural Models -- 1.3.1 Analytical Composition of Graphite Oxide -- 1.3.2 Creation of the Structural Model from 1930 till 2006 -- 1.3.3 Considerations for the Formation Mechanism - Second Approximation -- 1.4 Properties of Graphite Oxide -- 1.4.1 Thermal Degradation and its Products -- 1.4.2 Chemical Reduction Reactions -- 1.4.3 Reactions with Acids and Bases -- 1.4.4 "Osmotic Swelling": Hydration Behavior and Colloid Formation -- 1.4.5 GO Acidity -- 1.4.6 Intercalation and Functionalization Reactions -- 1.4.7 Functional Groups, their Reactions and their Relation to GO Formation and Destruction -- 1.5 Epilogue -- References -- Chapter 2 Mechanism of Formation and Chemical Structure of Graphene Oxide -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Structure -- 2.3 Preparation Methods -- 2.4 Mechanism of Formation -- 2.4.1 Theoretical Studies and System Complexity -- 2.4.2 Step 1: Formation of Stage‐1 H2SO4‐GIC Graphite Intercalation Compound -- 2.4.3 Step 2: Transformation of Stage‐1 H2SO4‐GIC to Pristine Graphite Oxide -- 2.4.4 Pristine Graphite Oxide Structure -- 2.4.5 Step 3: Delamination of Pristine Graphite Oxide -- 2.5 Transformation of Pristine Graphite Oxide Chemical Structure Upon Exposure to Water -- 2.6 Chemical Structure and Origin of Acidity -- 2.6.1 Structural Models and the Actual Structure.

2.6.2 Origin of Acidity and the Dynamic Structural Model -- 2.7 Density of Defects and Introduction of Oxo‐Functionalized Graphene -- 2.7.1 Oxo-Functionalized Graphene by Charpy-Hummers Approach -- 2.7.2 Oxo-Functionalized Graphene from Graphite Sulfate -- 2.8 Addressing the Challenges of the Two‐Component Structural Model -- 2.9 Structure of Bulk Graphite Oxide -- 2.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 Characterization Techniques -- 3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Graphene Oxide -- 3.1.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Solids -- 3.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Graphene Oxide -- 3.1.3 Discussion -- 3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 3.4 Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy on Molecules -- 3.4.3 Raman Spectroscopy on Graphene, GO and RGO -- 3.4.4 Defects in Graphene -- 3.4.5 Raman Spectra of GO and RGO -- 3.4.6 Statistical Raman Microscopy (SRM) -- 3.4.7 Outlook -- 3.5 Microscopy Methods -- 3.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 3.5.2 Atomic Force Microscopy -- 3.5.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 3.5.4 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy -- References -- Chapter 4 Rheology of Graphene Oxide Dispersions -- 4.1 Liquid Crystalline Behaviour of Graphene Oxide Dispersions -- 4.1.1 Liquid Crystals and Onsager's Theory -- 4.1.2 Nematic Phases in Carbon Nanomaterials -- 4.2 Rheological Behaviour of Aqueous Dispersions of LC‐GO -- 4.2.1 Dynamic Shear Properties -- 4.2.2 Steady Shear Properties -- 4.2.3 Recovery of the Structure -- 4.2.4 Tuning the Rheology of GO Dispersions to Enable Fabrication -- 4.2.5 Electro-Optical Switching of LC-GO with an Extremely Large Kerr Coefficient -- 4.3 Comparison with Other Systems -- 4.3.1 Comparison of Aqueous and Polymer Matrix Systems.

4.3.2 Comparison Between Aqueous Dispersions of GO and Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes: Role of Dimensionality -- 4.4 Summary and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5 Optical Properties of Graphene Oxide -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Absorption -- 5.3 Raman Scattering -- 5.4 Photoluminescence -- 5.5 Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots -- 5.6 Applications -- References -- Chapter 6 Functionalization and Reduction of Graphene Oxide -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Diverse Structure of Graphene Oxide -- 6.3 Stability of Graphene Oxide -- 6.3.1 Thermal Stability of Graphene Oxide -- 6.3.2 Stability and Chemistry of Graphene Oxide in Aqueous Solution -- 6.3.3 Stability of Oxo‐Functionalized Graphene -- 6.4 Non-Covalent Chemistry -- 6.5 Covalent Chemistry -- 6.5.1 Reactions Mainly at the Basal Plane -- 6.5.2 Consideration About C-C Bond Formation on the Basal Planes -- 6.5.3 Reactions at Edges -- 6.6 Reduction and Disproportionation of Graphene Oxide -- 6.6.1 Reduction -- 6.6.2 Disproportionation -- 6.6.3 Reduction Strategies -- 6.6.4 Reduction of Oxo‐Functionalized Graphene -- 6.7 Reactions with Reduced Form of Graphene Oxide -- 6.8 Controlled Chemistry with Graphene Oxide -- 6.8.1 Nomenclature of Polydisperse and Functionalized Graphene -- 6.8.2 Organosulfate in Graphene Oxide - Thermogravimetric Analysis -- 6.8.3 Synthetic Modifications of Oxo‐Functionalized Graphene -- 6.9 Discussion -- References -- Part II Applications -- Chapter 7 Field-Effect Transistors, Sensors and Transparent Conductive Films -- 7.1 Field-Effect Transistors -- 7.2 Sensors -- 7.2.1 Gas Sensors -- 7.2.2 Humidity Sensors -- 7.2.3 Biological Sensors -- 7.3 RGO Transparent Conductive Films -- 7.4 Memristors Based on Graphene Oxide -- 7.4.1 Fabrication of Devices -- 7.4.2 Switching Mechanisms -- References -- Chapter 8 Energy Harvesting and Storage -- 8.1 Solar Cells -- 8.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries.

8.2.1 Introduction -- 8.2.2 Electrochemistry Fundamentals -- 8.2.3 Anode Applications -- 8.2.4 Cathode Applications -- 8.2.5 Emerging Applications -- 8.3 Supercapacitors -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Electrochemistry Fundamentals -- 8.3.3 Carbon-only Electrodes -- 8.3.4 Pseudo-Capacitive GO-Composite Electrodes -- 8.4 Outlook and Future Development Opportunities -- References -- Chapter 9 Graphene Oxide Membrane for Molecular Separation -- 9.1 Rise of Graphene‐Based Membranes: Two Approaches -- 9.2 GO Membrane: Structural Point of View -- 9.3 GO Membrane for Gas Separation -- 9.4 GO Membrane for Water Purification and Desalination -- 9.5 Other Membrane Applications -- 9.5.1 Fuel Cell Membrane -- 9.5.2 Ion-Selective Membrane for Next-Generation Batteries -- 9.5.3 Dehydration -- 9.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 10 Graphene Oxide-Based Composite Materials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 How Graphite Met Polymers? -- 10.1.2 Graphite Oxide-Based Composites -- 10.1.3 CNTs Versus Graphene (Oxide) -- 10.2 Why Mix Graphene Oxide and Polymers? -- 10.2.1 Making Stronger Polymers: Mechanical Properties -- 10.2.2 Electrical Properties -- 10.2.3 Thermal Conductivity -- 10.2.4 Barrier Properties -- 10.3 Graphene Oxide or Graphene Oxides? -- 10.3.1 Size Effect -- 10.3.2 Effect of Medium on GO Structure -- 10.3.3 The Purification Process -- 10.3.4 Thermal Instability -- 10.3.5 Health Issues -- 10.3.6 Environmental Impact -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Toxicity Studies and Biomedical Applications of Graphene Oxide -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Toxicity of Graphene Oxide -- 11.3 On the Toxicity Mechanism -- 11.3.1 Membrane as a Target -- 11.3.2 Oxidative Stress -- 11.3.3 Other Factors -- 11.4 Biomedical Applications of Graphene Oxide -- 11.4.1 Graphene Oxide in Treatment of Cancer and Bacterial Infections.

11.4.2 Photothermal Therapy -- 11.4.3 Graphene Oxide as a Drug Carrier -- 11.5 Bioanalytical Applications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Catalysis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Graphene Oxide Properties -- 12.3 Oxidative Activity -- 12.3.1 Oxidation Reactions of GO -- 12.3.2 Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds -- 12.3.3 Functionalized Materials -- 12.4 Polymerization -- 12.5 Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 12.6 Friedel-Crafts and Michael Additions -- 12.7 Photocatalysis -- 12.8 Catalytic Activity of Other Layered Carbon‐Based Materials and Hybrid Materials of GO -- 12.8.1 Non-Functionalized Carbon-Based Nanomaterials -- 12.8.2 Hybrid Catalysts and Alternative Applications -- 12.9 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 13 Challenges of Industrial‐Scale Graphene Oxide Production -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Scope and Scale of the Graphene Market -- 13.3 Overview of Graphene Oxide Synthesis -- 13.4 Challenges of Graphene Oxide Production -- 13.4.1 Graphite Sources -- 13.4.2 Reaction Conditions -- 13.4.3 Work-up and Purification -- 13.4.4 Storage, Handling and Quality Control -- 13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Vocabulary -- Index -- EULA.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.