Accounting for Mismatch in Low- and Middle-Income Countries : Measurement, Magnitudes, and Explanations.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- References -- Chapter 1 Defining and Measuring Skills and Mismatch -- Defining Skills -- Defining Mismatch -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework -- Explaining Mismatch: Standard Variables -- Using Skill Measures to Investigate Unobserved Heterogeneity -- Role of Structural Economic Conditions and Informality -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 About STEP -- Introduction -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Findings: Country Context -- National Income and Employment Rates -- Educational Attainment, Achievement Levels, and Fields of Study -- Selection into Employment by Education and Achievement Level -- Quality of Employment -- The Task Content of Jobs -- Implications for Analyses -- Notes -- Chapter 5 Patterns of Educational Mismatch: Findings -- Introduction -- Aggregate Distributions: Workers' Education and Job Education Requirements -- Aggregate Imbalances and Individual-Level Mismatch -- Joint Distributions of Personal and Job-Required Education -- Summary of Descriptive Mismatch Results -- Note -- Chapter 6 Explaining Education Mismatch -- Introduction -- Predictors of Mismatch among Tertiary Graduates -- Models of Mismatch among All Workers -- Do Mismatched Tertiary Graduates Perform Tasks Reflecting Their Education or Their Jobs? -- Note -- References -- Chapter 7 Conclusion -- References -- Appendix A Conditional Distributions of Worker and Required Education -- Appendix B Conditional Distributions of Job Education by Worker Education for Workers with Less than Upper Secondary Education -- Appendix C Summary of Logistic Regression Results with Country Labels -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Human Capital Theory -- Box 1.2 Mismatch and Wages -- Box 2.1 Policies to Change Educational Attainment.

Box 5.1 Discussion: Joint Distributions of Worker Education by Job Education -- Figures -- Figure ES.1 Types of Mismatch -- Figure ES.2 Cross-Classification of Workers by Personal and Job-Required Education -- Figure ES.3 STEP Survey Countries -- Figure ES.4 Individual (Actual) Match Rates between Worker Education and Job-Required Education, by Country -- Figure 2.1 Distributions of Worker Skills and Job Skill Requirements by Education Group -- Figure 2.2 Distributions of Worker Skills by Worker Education, Overlapping Job-Required Education Levels -- Figure 2.3 Distributions of Job Skill Requirements by Job Education, Overlapping Worker Education Levels -- Figure 4.1 GDP per Capita, by Country, 2003 and 2013 -- Figure 4.2 Employment to Population Ratios, by Country, 2012 -- Figure 4.3 Reading Score Distributions, by Country -- Figure 4.4 Reading Score Distributions for Upper Secondary and Tertiary Levels, by Country -- Figure 5.1 Educational Distribution of Employed Persons, by STEP Country -- Figure 5.2 Employed Mean Years of Education, by STEP Country -- Figure 5.3 Distribution of Jobs by Job-Required Education Levels, by STEP Country -- Figure 5.4 Education Match Rates, by Country -- Figure 5.5 Rates of Over-Education, by Country -- Figure 5.6 Rates of Under-Education, by Country -- Figure 5.7 Rates of Over- and Under-Education, by Country -- Figure 5.8 Joint Distribution of Worker Education by Job Education, by STEP Country -- Figure 5.9 Conditional Distributions of Job Education by Worker Education, by Country -- Figure A.1 Lao PDR Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.2 Ghana Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.3 Kenya Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.4 Bolivia Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.5 Vietnam Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.6 Sri Lanka Row and Column Percentages.

Figure A.7 Yunnan Province Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.8 Armenia Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.9 Macedonia, FYR, Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.10 Georgia Row and Column Percentages -- Figure A.11 Ukraine Row and Column Percentages -- Figure B.1 Distribution of Job-Required Education for Workers with Less than Primary Education -- Figure B.2 Distribution of Job-Required Education for Workers with Primary Education -- Figure B.3 Distribution of Job-Required Education for Workers with Low Secondary Education -- Tables -- Table ES.1 The Cognitive Skills Domain -- Table 1.1 The Cognitive Skills Domain -- Table 1.2 Conceptual Map of Cognitive Skills: Three Levels and Four Kinds, Varying Applicability, and Numerous Sources -- Table 1.3 Cross-Classification of Workers by Personal and Job-Required Education -- Table 4.1 Labor Force Status of STEP Respondents and Selected Reasons for Inactivity -- Table 4.2 ISCED Levels and Mean Years of Education, by Country -- Table 4.3 Distribution of Years of Education among Tertiary Graduates, by Country -- Table 4.4 Mean Literacy Score by ISCED Level and Secondary-Tertiary Gap, by Country -- Table 4.5 Broad Fields of Study, by Country -- Table 4.6 Employment Rates by ISCED Level, by Country -- Table 4.7 Mean Literacy Score by Employment Status, by Country -- Table 4.8 Employment by Public/Private and Formal/Informal Sectors -- Table 4.9 Cognitive Skills Domain -- Table 4.10 Level of Reading Complexity at Work, by Worker ISCED Level, by Country -- Table 4.11 Level of Writing at Work, by Worker ISCED Level, by Country -- Table 4.12 Levels of Math Use and Problem Solving at Work, by Worker ISCED Level, by Country -- Table 4.13 Correlations of Job Tasks and Job-Required Education, by STEP Country -- Table 5.1 Aggregate Match Rates between Worker Education and Job-Required Education, by Country.

Table 5.2 Individual-Level (Actual) Match Rates, by STEP Country -- Table 5.3 Summary of Country Results -- Table 6.1 Hypothetical Rates of Tertiary Over-Education by Test Score Decile -- Table 6.2 Actual Rates of Over-Education among Tertiary Graduates by Test Score Decile -- Table 6.3 Rates of Over-Education among Tertiary Graduates by Employer Type and Sector, by Country -- Table 6.4 Over-Education Rates among Tertiary Graduates by Years of Education and Field of Study, by Country -- Table 6.5 Coverage of Regression Models, by Country -- Table 6.6 Summary of Significant Logistic Regression Results, Under-Education -- Table 6.7 Summary of Logistic Regression Results, Over-Education -- Table 6.8 Logistic Regressions Predicting Mismatch, by Country-Bolivia -- Table 6.9 Logistic Regressions Predicting Mismatch, by Country-Colombia -- Table 6.10 Logistic Regressions Predicting Mismatch, by Country-Ghana -- Table 6.11 Logistic Regressions Predicting Mismatch, by Country-Kenya -- Table 6.12 Logistic Regressions Predicting Mismatch, by Country-Vietnam -- Table 6.13 Logistic Regressions Predicting Mismatch, by Country-Sri Lanka, Lao PDR, and Yunnan Province -- Table 6.14 Logistic Regressions Predicting Mismatch, by Country-Armenia and Georgia (Over-Education Only) -- Table 6.15 Logistic Regressions Predicting Mismatch, by Country-Ukraine and FYR Macedonia (Over-Education Only) -- Table 6.16 Rates of Reading Complexity, by Match Group and Country -- Table 6.17 Rates of Writing and Math Complexity, by Match Group and Country -- Table 6.18 Rates of Problem-Solving Complexity, by Match Group and Country -- Table 6.19 Gap Ratios for All Task Measures and Means, by Country and Task -- Table C.1 Summary of Logistic Regression Results with Country Labels.

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