Rules on Paper, Rules in Practice : Enforcing Laws and Policies in the Middle East and North Africa.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- What Is the Rule of Law? -- Constraints to the Rule of Law -- Contribution of the Volume -- Structure of the Volume -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1 Theoretical Framework -- Introduction -- Institutions as Rules of the Game -- From Organizations to Institutions -- Institutional Change and Accountability -- Enforcement Mechanisms -- Policy Implications -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 The Rule of Law in MENA: Hypotheses and Empirics -- Introduction -- Hypothesis 1: Political Institutions -- Hypothesis 2: Bureaucratic Capacity and Income -- Hypothesis 3: Mobilization and Collective Action -- Hypothesis 4: Ethnic and Regional Differences -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Discretion and Taxability: Enforcing Tax Rules in Morocco -- Introduction -- Taxation as Rule of Law in Everyday Life -- The Political Economy of Taxation -- Pockets of Discretion in the Margin between Tax Laws and Implementation -- Political Economic Incentives of Tax Enforcement under Capacity Constraints -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Discretion and Good Practice: Enforcing Customs Regulations in Tunisia -- Introduction -- Customs Legal Reforms -- Partial and Discretionary Enforcement of Customs Rules -- Sources of the Implementation Gap -- The Eroding Efficiency of Customs -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Exclusion and Norms: Enforcing Women's Rights to Property in Jordan -- Women's Islamic Rights to Inheritance -- Impact of Land Fragmentation, Urbanization, and Legislation -- Assessing Women's Ownership of Immovable Property -- Property Transfers to Men, Delay in Subdivision, and Women's Exclusion (takhāruj) -- Social Pressures on Women's Inheritance -- Mobilization for Enforcing Women's Inheritance Rights.

Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Appendix A Regional Comparisons Along Eight Dimensions of the WJP Rule of Law Index -- Factor 1: Limited Government Powers -- Factor 2: Absence of Corruption -- Factor 3: Order and Security -- Factor 4: Fundamental Rights -- Factor 5: Open Government -- Factor 6: Regulatory Enforcement -- Factors 7 and 8: Access to Civil and Criminal Justice -- Summary -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 "The Game": Political, Economic, and Social Systems -- Box 2.1 The Selectorate Theory -- Box 5.1 Inheritance Divisions According to the Qur'an (Sunni Tradition) -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Direct and Indirect Effects of Rule-of-Law Institutions on Individual Behavior -- Figure B1.1.1 "The Game": Political, Economic, and Social Systems -- Figure 1.2 External and Internal Accountability -- Figure 1.3 Political Will and Capacity Matrix -- Figure 2.1 Global Integrity Scores in the MENA Region -- Figure 2.2 WJP Subfactor 6.2 -- Figure 3.1 Tax Expenditure by Economic Sector in Morocco, 2011 -- Figure 3.2 Tax Expenditures by Type of Tax in Morocco, 2011 -- Figure 3.3 Evaluation of Tax Expenditures -- Figure 3.4 Tax Expenditure by Type of Target Beneficiary, Morocco, 2011 -- Figure 3.5 Evolution of Recovered Taxes, 2003-06 -- Figure 3.6 Rate of Recovery of Taxes Payable, 2002-10 -- Figure 3.7 Variation in Tax Arrears Recovery across Collection Units in Rabat and Sale -- Figure 3.8 Discrepancies of Collected Taxes between the General Treasury and the Tax Administration -- Figure 3.9 Morocco-Collection Rates by Type of Taxes, 2001-11 -- Figure 3.10 Evolution of Tax Auditing Capacity in Morocco, 2000-12 -- Figure 3.11 Intensity of Lobbying Demands and DGI Interaction of 14 Moroccan Business Associations, 1991-2015 -- Figure 3.12 Tax Audits by Geographical Region Sampled in Surveys of Moroccan and Tunisian Firms, 2013.

Figure 3.13 Corporate Tax Collection Rates, Moroccan Cities, 2006-11 -- Figure 4.1 Breakdown of Customs Declarations by Color Channels in 2010 -- Figure 4.2 Costs of Customs Administration since 2001 -- Figure 4.3 Trends in Customs Revenues in Morocco and Tunisia (Percent of GDP) -- Figure 5.1 Percentage of Ever-Married Women House-Owners, 2012 -- Figure 5.2 Inheritance, Exclusion, Power of Attorney, Will and Incapacity Cases-Sharia Supreme Court in Jordan (2009-14) -- Figure A.1 WJP Factor 3-Order and Security -- Figure A.2 WJP Subfactor 5.1 -- Figure A.3 WJP Subfactor 6.2 -- Map -- Map 5.1 Jordan Potential Land Use and Urban Extension -- Tables -- Table 2.1 WJP Rule-of-Law Index-Nine Factors -- Table 2.2 Global Integrity-Implementation Gap Measures by Region and Income Group -- Table 2.3 Political Institutions and Implementation Gap Regression Analysis -- Table 2.4 Regime Type by Region as Included in the Regression in Table 2.3, Column 5 -- Table 2.5 MENA Regime Types Based on the Polity IV Polity2 Measure-2009 Data -- Table 2.6 Income and WJP's General Rule-of-Law Index -- Table 2.7 Income and WJP's Factor 6 (Regulatory Enforcement) Index -- Table 2.8 Hypothesis 2-Bureaucratic Capacity -- Table 2.9 Hypothesis 3-Political Mobilization &amp -- WJP Regulatory Enforcement -- Table 2.10 Hypothesis 4-Ethnic and Regional Differences -- Table 2.11 Substantive Regional Effects: Probability of Reporting Paying a Bribe -- Table 2.12 Rule of Law Summary Table -- Table 3.1 Varieties of Tax Enforcement by Type of Taxes and Taxpayers -- Table 3.2 Comparative Likelihood of a Tax Inspection in Morocco (2007, 2013) and Tunisia (2013) -- Table 4.1 Comparison of Staffing/Population and Kilometers of Land Borders -- Table 4.2 Wages per Selected Grades and Functions in Customs (in TD) -- Table 5.1 Distribution of Land Holding According to the Size, Jordan, 1953.

Table 5.2 Inheritance of Mulk and Mīrī Land in Jordan before and after 1991 -- Table 5.3 Distribution of Property (mulk, mīrī) by Number of Plots and Area -- Table 5.4 Difference between DLS-Registered Apartments and the DOS Count -- Table 5.5 Distribution of Land Property in April 2014 -- Table 5.6 Distribution of Registered Apartment in April 2014 -- Table 5.7 Jordan Land Sale Patterns by Family Co-owners or Outsiders, 2005-2014 -- Table 5.8 Apartment Sale Patterns by Family Co-owners or Outsiders, 2005-2014 -- Table 5.9 Land Sales and Division Inheritance Procedures and Death by Gender, 2004 -- Table A.1 WJP Factor 1-Limited Government Powers -- Table A.2 WJP Factor 2-Absence of Corruption -- Table A.3 WJP Factor 3-Order and Security -- Table A.4 WJP Factor 4-Fundamental Rights -- Table A.5 WJP Factor 5-Open Government -- Table A.6 WJP Factor 6-Regulatory Enforcement -- Table A.7 WJP Factor 7-Civil Justice -- Table A.8 WJP Factor 8-Criminal Justice -- Table A.9 WJP Rule of Law Summary Table.

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