Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation.

Intro -- Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- Foreword -- 1 Skull -- Frontal bone -- Occipital bone -- Parietal bone -- Sphenoid bone -- Temporal bone -- Ethmoid bone -- Lacrimal bone -- Vomer -- Inferior nasal concha -- Maxilla -- Palatine bone -- Zygomatic bone -- Mandible -- Nasal bone -- Teeth -- Middle ear bones -- Stapes -- Malleus -- Incus -- References -- Further reading -- 2 Hyoid bone -- References -- 3 Cervical vertebrae -- Embryology -- Atlas -- Axis -- Uncinate process -- Transverse foramen -- Spinous processes -- Klippel-Feil syndrome -- Cervical ribs -- References -- 4 Thoracic vertebrae -- Embryology -- Vertebral bodies -- Costal articulations -- Limbus vertebra -- Failure of segmentation -- Butterfly vertebra -- Pedicles -- Upper -- Middle -- Lower -- Facets -- Transverse processes -- Laminae and spinous processes -- References -- 5 Lumbar vertebrae -- Embryology -- Anatomic variations -- Vertebral body defects -- Vertebral arch defects -- Rudimentary lumbar rib -- Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae -- References -- 6 Sacrococcygeal vertebrae -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Scapula -- Body of the scapula -- Scapular articulations with ribs -- Curvature of the scapular body -- Tubercle of Luschka -- Lateral border of scapula -- Medial border of scapula -- Superior border of scapula -- Scapular notch -- Coracoid process -- Shape of the glenoid fossa -- Shape of acromion -- Os acromiale -- References -- 8 Clavicle -- Introduction -- Statistical shape analysis -- Principal component analysis -- Geometric variation -- Morphological groups -- Length -- Depths and angles -- Width -- Thickness -- Anatomic variation -- Clavicular absence -- Bifurcate/duplicate clavicle -- Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicle (CPC) -- Deltoid process.

Coracoclavicular syndesmosis -- Radiographically visible costoclavicular ligament -- Supraclavicular nerve canal -- Discussion and conclusions -- Length -- Depths and angles -- Width and thickness -- Summary -- References -- 9 Humerus -- Retroversion of the humeral head -- Intertubercular sulcus/bicipital groove -- Supracondylar process and the ligament of Struthers -- Supratrochlear foramen -- References -- Further reading -- 10 Radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges -- Radius -- Radial dysplasia -- Radial-ulnar synthesis -- Ulna -- Ulnar dysplasia -- Sesamoid bones of the forearm -- Variations of the hand -- Epiphyses of the phalanx and metacarpal -- Pseudoepiphyses -- The cone‐shaped epiphysis -- Brachymesophalangia -- Brachyphalangia -- Symphalangia -- Syndactyly -- Axial deviations of the phalanges -- Polydactyly -- Polyphalangia -- Arachnodactyly -- Carpometacarpal joint -- Thumb -- Sesamoid bones of the hand -- Accessory ossicles of the wrist and hand -- Os styloideum -- Os central -- Lunula -- Os triangulare -- Os hamuli proprium -- Carpal boss -- Os vesalianum -- Lunate accessory ossicles -- Coalitions of the carpal bones -- Lunotriquetral -- Capitohamate -- Specific variations in carpal bone -- Bipartite carpals -- Lunate morphology -- Hamate -- Scaphoid -- Triquetrum -- Pisiform -- Pisotriquetral lipping -- References -- Further reading -- 11 Ribs and sternum -- Ribs -- Sternum -- Positional variations -- Xiphoid ending and ossification -- Sternoxiphoidal fusion and pseudoforamen -- References -- Further reading -- 12 Pelvic bones -- Sexual dimorphism of the os coxa -- Individual variations within the os coxa -- Variation in the iliac nutrient foramen -- Variations with the obturator foramen -- Ischiopubic synchondrosis -- Iliac horns -- Paraglenoid sulci -- Ischial spine projections -- Pelvic digit -- Bony islands.

Hyperdense lines -- Pelvic ears -- Acetabular notches -- Ossicles -- Ligament ossification -- Malformations of the os coxae -- Absence of pubic rami -- Ischial absence/hypoplasia/duplication -- Exstrophy of bladder -- Down‐syndrome‐associated anomalies in the pelvis -- Protrusio acetabuli -- References -- Further reading -- 13 Bones of the lower limb -- Imaging considerations and normal variations -- Femur -- Proximal femur -- Femoral shaft -- Distal femur -- Patella -- Knee -- Fabella -- Cyamella (popliteal fabella) -- Meniscal ossicle -- Tibia and fibula -- Proximal tibia and fibula -- Shaft of tibia and fibula -- Distal tibia and fibula -- Foot -- Calcaneus -- Talus -- Cuboid -- Coalitions of the foot -- Cuneiform bones -- Metatarsals -- Sesamoid bones of the pedal phalanges/forefoot -- Foot anomalies -- Polydactyly -- Syndactyly -- Limb deficiencies -- Leg length inequality -- Rotational variation -- Genu varum and genu valgum -- References -- Further reading -- 14 Temporomandibular joint -- Introduction -- Intra-articular disc -- Mandibular condyle -- Joint capsule -- Synovial membrane -- Lateral, sphenomandibular, and stylomandibular ligaments -- Arterial blood supply -- Venous drainage -- Lymph -- Nerve supply -- Variations in each component -- Disc -- Condyle -- Capsule -- Maxilla -- Mandible -- Temporal bone -- Variation in articular surfaces -- Blood supply -- Venous drainage -- Lymphatics -- Nerve supply -- Muscles -- Ligaments -- Absence and hemiplasia -- Congenital anomalies -- Hyperplasia -- Hypoplasia -- Aplasia and agenesis -- Dysplasias -- References -- 15 Shoulder joint -- Humeral head and glenoid fossa positions -- Labrum -- Capsule -- Ligaments -- Tendons -- Rotator cuff muscles -- Bursae and recesses -- Sternoclavicular -- Acromioclavicular -- Coracoclavicular joint -- References -- Further reading -- 16 Elbow joint.

Distal humerus -- Capitulum humerus -- Trochlea -- Morphology of distal humerus -- Os supratrochleare dorsale -- Proximal radius -- Radial head -- Radial neck -- Proximal ulna -- Capsule and ligaments -- Capsule -- Medial collateral ligament (ulnar collateral ligament) -- Lateral collateral ligament -- References -- 17 Wrist and hand joints -- Anatomical variants within the hand -- Phalanx and metacarpal epiphyses -- Pseudoepiphyses -- Cone‐shaped epiphysis -- Brachymesophalangia -- Brachyphalangia -- Symphalangia -- Syndactyly -- Axial deviations -- Polydactyly -- Polyphalangia -- Arachnodactyly -- Carpometacarpal variants -- The thumb -- Sesamoid bones -- Osteopoikilosis -- Melorheostosis -- Anatomical variants of the carpus -- Carpal structures on imaging -- Accessory ossicles -- Carpal boss and os styloideum -- Lunate accessories -- Carpal coalitions -- Bipartite carpals -- Lunate morphology -- Bone‐specific variations -- Hamate -- Scaphoid -- Triquetrum -- Pisiform -- Pisotriquetral lipping -- Anatomical variants of the hand and wrist ligaments and cartilaginous structures -- Triangular fibrocartilage complex and intercarpal ligaments -- References -- Further reading -- 18 Sacroiliac joints -- Articulation characteristics -- Type of joint -- Number of articulating surfaces -- Shape of the SIJ -- Iliosacral complex (ILC) -- Bipartite complex -- Semicircular defect -- Cresenteric defect -- Ossification centers -- Width and uniformity of the SIJ space -- Position of the sacral auricular surface, morphology, and orientation -- Auricular cartilage thickness and micro‐anatomy -- Innervation of the SIJ -- SIJ structure and mobility through fetal period and aging -- Racial and gender differences and pregnancy‐ and mobility‐related variations -- References -- 19 Hip joint -- Acetabulum -- Labrum -- Femur -- Muscles -- References -- 20 Knee joint.

Femoral intercondylar notch, condylar orientation, and tibial eminence -- Genu varum, genu valgum, and recurvatum -- Lower limb axis (valgus, varus, recurvatum) -- Patella -- Capsule -- Bursae and Plicae -- Bursae -- Synovial plicae -- Fat pad -- Menisci -- Retinaculum -- Ligaments -- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) -- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) -- Medial or tibial collateral ligament (MCL or TCL) -- Lateral or fibular collateral ligament (LCL or FCL) -- Ligament of Humphrey/Wrisberg (see meniscofemoral ligaments) -- Popliteus tendon -- The fabellofibular ligament -- The popliteomeniscal ligaments -- The popliteofibular ligament (PFL) -- The oblique meniscomeniscal ligament -- The meniscofibular ligament -- The fabellofibular ligament -- The arcuate ligament -- Meniscofemoral ligaments -- Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) -- Posterior lateral ligament -- Transverse genicular ligament -- Posterior oblique ligament -- Oblique popliteal ligament (OPL) -- Musculotendinous variations -- References -- Further reading -- 21 Ankle and foot joints -- Bones -- Ankle (talocrural) joint -- Subtalar joint -- Ligaments -- Inferior tibiofibular joint -- Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament -- Medial ligament of talocrural joint -- Lateral ligaments of the ankle -- Ligaments of the foot -- Bursae -- References -- Further reading -- 22 Orbital muscles -- Rectus muscles of the orbit -- Obliquus superior (superior oblique) -- Obliquus inferior (inferior oblique) -- Levator palpebrae superioris -- References -- Further reading -- 23 Middle ear muscles -- Variations of the tensor tympani muscle -- Variations of the stapedius muscle -- References -- 24 Facial muscles and muscles of mastication -- Facial muscles of the mouth -- Positioning variations of the facial muscles around the mouth -- Orbicularis oris muscle -- Zygomaticus major muscle.

Zygomaticus minor muscle.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

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