Pediatric Endocrinology : A Clinical Handbook.

Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1: Introduction to Pediatric Endocrinology: The Endocrine System -- Suggested Readings -- 2: The Evaluation of a Child or Adolescent with Possible Endocrine Disease -- The Medical History -- Physical Examination -- 3: Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis -- Physiology -- Pathology -- Central Nervous System Tumors -- Craniopharyngioma -- Germinomas -- Pituitary Adenomas -- Other Central Nervous System Disorders -- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis -- Postinfectious Inflammatory Lesions of the Central Nervous System, Vascular Abnormalities, and Head Trauma -- Irradiation of the Central Nervous System -- Developmental Defects of the Midline -- Septo-Optic and Optic Dysplasia -- The Solitary Median Maxillary Incisor Syndrome -- Idiopathic Hypopituitary Dwarfism -- Suggested Readings -- 4: The Posterior Pituitary Gland and Disorders of Vasopressin Metabolism -- Normal Vasopressin Physiology -- Diabetes Insipidus -- Central Diabetes Insipidus -- Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus -- Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus -- Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus -- Treatment of Central Diabetes Insipidus -- Treatment of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus -- The Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone -- Nephrogenic Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis -- Other Causes of Hyponatremia -- The Treatment of Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone -- The Triphasic Response After Surgery for Craniopharyngioma -- Suggested Readings -- 5: Disorders of Growth -- Measurement of Growth -- Endocrine Factors in Postnatal Growth -- Growth Hormone -- Insulin-Like Growth Factor or IGF -- Epidermal Growth Factor -- Erythropoietin -- Oncogenes -- Dental Development -- Abnormalities of Growth -- Short Stature -- Nonendocrine Causes of Short Stature.

Constitutional Delay in Growth -- Genetic Short Stature -- Idiopathic Short Stature -- Small for Gestational Age -- Turner Syndrome and SHOX Mutation -- Syndromes of Short Stature -- Noonan Syndrome -- Russell-Silver Dwarfism Syndrome -- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome -- Syndromes of Obesity and Short Stature -- Prader-Willi Syndrome -- Bardet-Biedl Syndrome -- Miscellaneous Syndromes -- Growth and Attention-Deficit Disorder -- Chronic Disease and Malnutrition -- Endocrine Causes of Short Stature -- Congenital Growth Hormone Deficiency -- Isolated GH Deficiency -- Combined Pituitary Defects -- GH Resistance -- Acquired GH Deficiency -- Central Nervous System Tumors -- Other Conditions -- Psychosocial Dwarfism -- Diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency (Fig. 5.12) -- Growth Hormone Treatment of GH Deficiency and Other Disorders Approved for GH Treatment -- Other Endocrine Disorders -- Other Endocrine or Syndromic Conditions -- Hypothyroidism -- Cushing Syndrome -- Pseudohypoparathyroidism -- Rickets -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Diagnosis of Short Stature -- History and Physical Examination -- Tall Stature -- Nonendocrine Causes of Tall Stature -- Endocrine Etiologies of Tall Stature -- Diagnosis and Treatment of Tall Stature -- Suggested Readings -- 6: Disorders of the Thyroid Gland -- Normal Thyroid Physiology and Anatomy -- Fetal Thyroid Development in the Newborn -- Laboratory Evaluation -- Imaging of Thyroid -- Disorders of the Thyroid Gland -- Goiter -- Hypothyroidism -- Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) -- Anatomical -- Biochemical -- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Abnormalities -- Thyroid-Binding Globulin Mutations -- Consumptive Hypothyroidism -- Exogenous Agents -- Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism and Variants -- Management of a Positive Neonatal Screen -- Acquired Hypothyroidism -- Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Hashimotos Thyroiditis.

Other Causes for Acquired Hypothyroidism -- Euthyroid Sick Syndrome -- Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism -- Treatment of Hypothyroidism -- Hyperthyroidism -- Neonatal Hyperthyroidism -- Older Children -- Diagnosis -- Treatment of Hyperthyroidism -- Medication -- Surgery -- Nuclear Medicine Therapy -- Thyroid Storm -- Thyroid Hormone Overdose -- Neoplasms -- Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid (MCT) -- Epithelial-Derived Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC) -- Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma -- Papillary Carcinoma -- Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma -- Diagnosis -- Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma -- Surgery -- Radiation -- Painful Thyroid Glands -- Hyperfunctioning Nodule -- Further Reading -- 7: Disorders of Calcium Metabolism and Bone -- Calcium Metabolism -- Storage and Absorption of Calcium -- The Calcium-Sensing Receptor -- Phosphate -- Magnesium -- Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein -- Vitamin D and Its Metabolites (Fig. 7.1) -- Calcitonin -- Alkaline Phosphatase -- Hypocalcemia (Fig. 7.2) -- Hypocalcemia in the Infant -- Early Neonatal Hypocalcemia -- Late Neonatal Hypocalcemia -- Diagnosis of Infantile Hypocalcemia -- Treatment of Newborns -- Hypocalcemia in the Child and Adolescent -- Hypoparathyroidism -- The Diagnosis of Hypoparathyroidism -- Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism -- Pseudohypoparathyroidism -- Magnesium Deficiency and Magnesium Excess -- Activating Mutations of the Calcium-­Sensing Receptor -- Hyperphosphatemia -- Diagnosis of Hypocalcemia -- Normal Bone Growth -- Vitamin D and Calcium Deficiency -- Rickets (Table 7.2) -- Nutritional Rickets -- Hepatocellular Rickets -- Renal Osteodystrophy -- Anticonvulsant-Associated Rickets or Hypocalcemia -- Rickets of Prematurity -- Genetic Causes of Rickets -- Defects in Vitamin D Production or Action -- Hypophosphatemic Rickets -- Renal Tubular Acidosis.

Diagnosis of Rickets -- Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency (Table 7.3) -- Hypercalcemia -- Primary Hyperparathyroidism -- Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia -- Miscellaneous Causes -- Hypercalcemia of Malignancy -- Other Endocrine Disorders Causing Hypercalcemia -- Drug-Induced Hypercalcemia -- Milk Alkali Syndrome and Hypercalcemia of Renal Insufficiency -- Granulomatous Disease -- Immobilization Hypercalcemia -- Williams Syndrome -- Other Causes of Hypercalcemia -- Treatment of Hypercalcemia -- Evaluation of Hypercalcemia -- Osteoporosis -- Osteopenia of the Premature Infant -- Osteogenesis Imperfecta -- Increased Bone Mass Osteopetrosis -- Nonaccidental Bone Injuries -- Aluminum Toxicity -- Suggested Readings -- 8: Disorders of Sexual Differentiation -- Normal Sexual Differentiation -- Genotype -- Gonadal Sex -- Phenotypic Sex -- Social Gender -- Disorders of Sexual Differentiation -- 46, XX DSD: Conditions Causing Genetic Females to Become Virilized (Previously Called Female Pseudohermaphroditism) -- Virilizing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia -- 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (*201910 ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL, DUE TO 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY) -- Diagnoses -- Treatment -- Nonclassical CAH Treatment -- Fertility in CAH -- 11-Hydroxylase Deficiency -- 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency -- Maternal Sex Steroid Ingestion or Androgen-Producing Conditions -- Other Causes of 46, XX DSD -- P450-Oxidoreductase Deficiency -- Aromatase Deficiency and Estrogen Receptor Deficiency -- Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome -- 46, XX Gonadal Dysgenesis -- 46, XY DSD: Disorders Causing Inadequate Virilization of a Genetic Male (Previously Called Male Pseudohermaphroditism) -- 46, XY DSD with Enzymatic Deficiencies Involving the Gonads and the Adrenal Glands -- Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome -- StAR Deficiency -- 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency.

17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency -- 46, XY DSD with Other Enzyme Deficiencies Involving the Testes But Not the Adrenal Gland -- 17,20-Lyase or Desmolase Deficiency -- 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3 -- 46, XY DSD with Disorders of Androgen Action -- 5α-Reductase Deficiency -- Androgen Insensitivity -- Unresponsiveness to hCG and LH -- Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome -- 46, XX Testicular DSD -- Anorchia or the Testicular Regression Syndrome -- Penile Agenesis -- Gonadal DSD -- Ovotesticular DSD -- 46, XY Gonadal Dysgenesis -- Endocrine Disruptors -- The Diagnosis and Treatment of Ambiguous Genitalia -- Treatment -- The Decision of Sex of Rearing -- Multidisciplinary Team Management -- Youth with Gender Dysphoria -- Suggested Readings -- 9: Disorders of Puberty -- Normal Pubertal Development -- Physical Development (Fig. 9.1) -- Age at Onset of Puberty -- Ages of Pubertal Stages and Duration -- The Pubertal Growth Spurt -- Skeletal Development and Bone Mineral Density -- The Endocrine Changes of Puberty -- Gonadarche (Fig. 9.2a) -- Spermarche -- Adrenarche -- Pediatric Sex Steroid and Gonadotropin\Assays -- Ovulation and Menarche -- Miscellaneous Metabolic Changes -- Abnormalities of Puberty -- Delayed Puberty -- Constitutional Delay in Puberty (See Chap. 5) -- Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Fig. 9.2b) (#146110) -- Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism -- Kallmann Syndrome (KS) -- Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System -- Central Nervous System Tumors -- Autoimmune or Lymphocytic Hypophysitis -- Congenital Defects of the CNS (See Chap. 3) -- Septo-optic Dysplasia -- Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Following Irradiation -- Idiopathic Hypopituitarism -- Syndromes Associated with Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism -- Weight Loss and Chronic Disease -- Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Fig. 9.2c) -- Disorders of the Ovaries -- Turner Syndrome.

Other Forms of Primary Ovarian Failure.

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