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Cambodia : Diversifying Beyond Garments and Tourism.

Material type: TextTextSeries: Country Diagnostic StudiesPublisher: Manila : Asian Development Bank, 2014Copyright date: ©2014Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (173 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9789292548087
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: CambodiaDDC classification:
  • 338.9596
LOC classification:
  • HC442.C3616 2014
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Cambodia Fast Facts 2013 -- Executive Summary -- 1. Development Performance -- 1.1 Maximizing Natural Growth Opportunities -- 1.2 Economic Development Plans -- 1.3 Macroeconomic Performance -- 1.4 Economic Growth by Major Expenditure Component -- 1.5 Monetary Policy and Financial Sector Management -- 1.6 Fiscal Policy -- 1.7 Balance of Payments -- 1.8 Sources of Economic Growth, by Production Sector -- 1.9 Poverty and Inequality -- 2. Critical Constraints to Growth -- 2.1 Human Capital -- 2.2 Infrastructure -- 2.3 Macroeconomic Risks -- 2.4 Microeconomic Risks -- 2.5 Market Failures -- 2.6 Finance -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3. Critical Constraints to Inclusiveness -- 3.1 Availability of Productive Employment Opportunities -- 3.2 Human Capabilities -- 3.3 Leveling the Playing Field -- 3.4 Social Safety Nets -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4. Diversification and Upgrading -- 4.1 Patterns of Specialization and Diversification -- 4.2 Into Which Products Can Cambodia Diversify? -- 4.3 Policies for Diversification and Upgrading -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Appendix 4.1: Product Sophistication, Revealed Comparative Advantage, and Proximity and Path -- Appendix 4.2: Priority Export Products -- 5. Summary and Policy Recommendations -- 5.1 Human Capital and Access to Decent Employment -- 5.2 Infrastructure: Electricity, Rural Roads, and Rural Water and Sanitation -- 5.3 Governance -- 5.4 Fiscal Resources -- 5.5 The Way Forward and Special Challenge -- References -- BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES -- BOXES -- 1.1 Managing Dedollarization -- 1.2 Socioeconomic Development Plans and GDP Growth -- 2.1 Growth Diagnostics Framework -- 4.1 Tariff Preferences Aid Diversification: Cambodia's Bicycle Industry -- 4.2 Institutional Mechanisms for Industrial Policy -- 4.3 Key Elements of the Rice Policy -- FIGURES.
1.1 Shares of Major Expenditure Components in GDP, 1995-2011 (%) -- 1.2 Contribution of Major Expenditure Components to GDP Growth, 1995-2011 (%) -- 1.3 Major Expenditure Components in Selected Asian Countries, 2000 and 2012 (% of GDP) -- 1.4 GDP Growth and Inflation, 2000-2013 (%) -- 1.5 Growth of Money Supply and Fiscal Balance, 2000-2013 (%) -- 1.6 GDP Growth and Change in the Exchange Rate, 2000-2012 -- 1.7 Official and Market KR/ Exchange Rates, 2006-2013 -- 1.8 Domestic Credit Provided by Banks and Growth of Total Loans, 2005-2013 -- 1.9 Health of the Banking Sector, 2006-2012 (%) -- 1.10 Nonperforming Loans, 2005-2013 (%) -- 1.11 Government Expenditure by Function, 2001-2013 (% of total) -- 1.12 Overall Fiscal Balance in Selected Asian Countries, 1995-2013 (% of GDP) -- 1.13 Fiscal Deficit Financing, 2002-2012 (% of GDP) -- 1.14 Net Exports, 2000-2013 ( billion) -- 1.15 Balance of Payments, 1998-2012 (% of GDP) -- 1.16 Gross Reserves and Months of Import Coverage, 2005-2013 ( billion) -- 1.17 Shares of Major Production Sectors in GDP, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.18 Contribution to Total Output Growth by Major Production Sector, 1995-2013 (percentage points) -- 1.19 Agriculture Employment in Selected Asian Countries, 1998-2012 (% of total employment) -- 1.20 Agriculture Output and Employment Growth, 1995-2012 (%) -- 1.21 Agriculture Subsectors, 1995-2010 (% of total agriculture output) -- 1.22 Farming Subsector and Agriculture Growth, 1995-2010 (%) -- 1.23 Agriculture Value Added per Worker, 1995-2012 (constant 2005 ) -- 1.24 Cereal Yield, 1995-2013 (kilograms per hectare) -- 1.25 Agriculture Subsectors' Contribution to Agriculture Growth, 1995-2010 (%) -- 1.26 Output of Major Agriculture Products, 2000-2013 (tons) -- 1.27 Production of Fisheries Subsectors, 2000-2013 -- 1.28 Growth of Agriculture and its Subsectors, 1995-2010 (%).
1.29 Industry's Shares of Total Output and Growth rate, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.30 Industry Subsectors' Share of Total Industry Output, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.31 Contribution of Subsectors to Industry Growth, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.32 Contribution of Subsectors to Manufacturing Growth, 1995-2010, (%) -- 1.33 Exports of Garments, Textiles, and Footwear, 2001-2013 ( billion) -- 1.34 Major Markets for Garments, Textiles, and Footwear Exports, 2001-2013 (% of value) -- 1.35 Exports by Commodity, 2002-2012 (% of value) -- 1.36 Services Subsectors' Contribution to Services Growth, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.37 Tourism Industry, 1995-2013 -- 1.38 Contribution of the Travel and Tourism Industry to Employment, 1995-2013 -- 1.39 Total Annual Visitor Arrivals to Cambodia, 1995-2013 ('000 arrivals) -- 1.40 International Visitor Arrivals in ASEAN by Country Shares, 2000-2012 (%) -- 1.41 Visitor Arrivals in Cambodia, by Major Geographic Region, 2006-2013 -- 1.42 Tourism Competitiveness Ranks of ASEAB Countries, 2008 and 2013 -- 1.43 Elements of Cambodia's Tourism Competitiveness: Scores in 2008 and 2013 -- 1.44 Competitiveness in Tourism Infrastructure -- 1.45 Poverty Rates, 2004 and 2009 (%) -- 1.46 Poverty Incidence by Province, 2009 (%) -- 1.47 Income Inequality in Selected Asian Countries, Latest Year Available (%) -- 1.48 Income Distribution by Quintile, 2004 and 2009 -- 2.1 Social Return on Investment in ASEAN Countries, 1995-2013 (%) -- 2.2 Expenditure on Education, 1995-2013 (% of GDP) -- 2.3 Education Expenditure in Cambodia -- 2.4 Gross Enrollment Ratios in Preprimary Education, Selected ASEAN Countries, 2012 (%) -- 2.5 Repetition and Dropout Rates in Various Levels, SY2008/2009 and sy2012/2013 (%) -- 2.6 Repetition Rates at the Primary Level, Selected ASEAN Countries (%) -- 2.7 Number of Higher Education Institutes, 2001-2010.
2.8 Education Level and Experience Required by Employers -- 2.9 Skills Gaps among Workers (%) -- 2.10 Global Competitiveness: Infrastructure Scores in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2013 -- 2.11 Access to Electricity in Selected Asian Countries, 2011 (% of population) -- 2.12 Average Electricity Tariffs in ASEAN Countries (US cents/kWh) -- 2.13 Expenditure on Transport and Communications, 1995-2013 -- 2.14 Road Maintenance Budget, 2007-2012 ( million) -- 2.15 Passengers at Sihanoukville Port, 2001-2011 ('000) -- 2.16 Container Port Traffic, Southeast Asian Countries, 2007-2012 (TEU) -- 2.17 Freight and Passenger Train Services, 2000-2011 -- 2.18 Passenger Volume, Phnom Penh and Siem Reap International Airports, 2005-2013 (million) -- 2.19 Quality of Air Transport: Scores of Selected ASEAN Countries, 2013 -- 2.20 Fiscal Deficit, 1998-2013 (% of GDP) -- 2.21 Fiscal Deficit, Government Revenues and Expenditures: Selected ASEAN, 2013 (% of GDP) -- 2.22 Government Tax Revenue Sources, 2003-2012 (KR million) -- 2.23 Size of External Debt and Debt Service Ratio, 2001-2012 -- 2.24 Governance Indicators in ASEAN Countries, 2012 (percentile ranking) -- 2.25 Most Problematic Factors for Business, 2008-2009 and 2013-2014 -- 2.26 Control of Corruption in Southeast Asia, 1996-2012 (percentile rank) -- 2.27 Rule of Law in ASEAN Countries, 1996-2012 (percentile ranking) -- 2.28 Distance to Frontier, Doing Business 2008 and 2014 Reports -- 2.29 Gross Domestic Savings in Selected Asian Countries, 1995-2012 (% of GDP) -- 2.30 Savings and Investment, 1995-2012 (% of GDP) -- 2.31 Domestic Credit in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2000-2013 (% of gDP) -- 2.32 Interest Rate Spread in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2000-2012 (percentage points) -- 2.33 Deposit Rates in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2000-2012 (%) -- 2.34 Lending Rates in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2000-2013 (%).
3.1 Diagnostics Framework for Constraints to Reducing Poverty and Inequality -- 3.2 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Location and Sex, 2007-2013 (%) -- 3.3 Employment Status, by Location, 2007-2013 (%) -- 3.4 Informal Employment and underemployment, by Area, Sex, Age Group, and Education Level, 2013 (%) -- 3.5 Growth in GDP per Person Employed, 1990-2012 (constant 1990 PPP '000) -- 3.6 Share of Employment by Sector, 2007-2013 (%) -- 3.7 Employment by Sector and Province, 2013 (%) -- 3.8 Educational Attainment of People Aged 15 and Over, Employed and Unemployed, 2013 (%) -- 3.9 Adult Literacy Rates in Selected ASEAN Countries, Latest Year Available (%) -- 3.10 Net Enrollment Rates, 2006-2013 (%) -- 3.11 Net Enrollment Rates, by Province, 2013 (%) -- 3.12 Reasons for Not Attending School, 6-17 Years Old, 2009 and 2013 (%) -- 3.13 Reasons for Not Attending School, 6-17 Years Old, by Gender, 2013 (%) -- 3.14 Public Expenditure on Education in ASEAN Countries, Early 2000 and Latest Data (% of GDP) -- 3.15 Expenditure per Primary and Secondary Student in Selected Asian Countries, Early 2000 and Latest Data (% of GDP per capita) -- 3.16 Primary Schools without Water and Toilets, 2013 (% of schools) -- 3.17 Student-Teacher Ratios, 2013 -- 3.18 Schools Not Providing a Full Curriculum, 2013 (%) -- 3.19 Leading Causes of Mortality in Cambodia, 2010 (per 100,000 people) -- 3.20 Nutritional Status of Children under 5 and Low Birth Weight Incidence, 2005-2010 (%) -- 3.21 Nutritional Status of Children in Selected Southeast Asian Countries, Latest Year (% of children under 5) -- 3.22 Prevalence of Undernourishment, 1990-2012 (% of population) -- 3.23 Physicians, Nurses, and Midwives, 2012 (per 1,000 people) -- 3.24 Household Health Expenditure, 2013 (%) -- 3.25 Percentage of the Population that Became Ill and Sought Consultation or Treatment, 2013.
3.26 Health-Seeking Behavior for First Treatment of Illness, by Province and Health Care Provider (% of population that became ill).
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Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Cambodia Fast Facts 2013 -- Executive Summary -- 1. Development Performance -- 1.1 Maximizing Natural Growth Opportunities -- 1.2 Economic Development Plans -- 1.3 Macroeconomic Performance -- 1.4 Economic Growth by Major Expenditure Component -- 1.5 Monetary Policy and Financial Sector Management -- 1.6 Fiscal Policy -- 1.7 Balance of Payments -- 1.8 Sources of Economic Growth, by Production Sector -- 1.9 Poverty and Inequality -- 2. Critical Constraints to Growth -- 2.1 Human Capital -- 2.2 Infrastructure -- 2.3 Macroeconomic Risks -- 2.4 Microeconomic Risks -- 2.5 Market Failures -- 2.6 Finance -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3. Critical Constraints to Inclusiveness -- 3.1 Availability of Productive Employment Opportunities -- 3.2 Human Capabilities -- 3.3 Leveling the Playing Field -- 3.4 Social Safety Nets -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4. Diversification and Upgrading -- 4.1 Patterns of Specialization and Diversification -- 4.2 Into Which Products Can Cambodia Diversify? -- 4.3 Policies for Diversification and Upgrading -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Appendix 4.1: Product Sophistication, Revealed Comparative Advantage, and Proximity and Path -- Appendix 4.2: Priority Export Products -- 5. Summary and Policy Recommendations -- 5.1 Human Capital and Access to Decent Employment -- 5.2 Infrastructure: Electricity, Rural Roads, and Rural Water and Sanitation -- 5.3 Governance -- 5.4 Fiscal Resources -- 5.5 The Way Forward and Special Challenge -- References -- BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES -- BOXES -- 1.1 Managing Dedollarization -- 1.2 Socioeconomic Development Plans and GDP Growth -- 2.1 Growth Diagnostics Framework -- 4.1 Tariff Preferences Aid Diversification: Cambodia's Bicycle Industry -- 4.2 Institutional Mechanisms for Industrial Policy -- 4.3 Key Elements of the Rice Policy -- FIGURES.

1.1 Shares of Major Expenditure Components in GDP, 1995-2011 (%) -- 1.2 Contribution of Major Expenditure Components to GDP Growth, 1995-2011 (%) -- 1.3 Major Expenditure Components in Selected Asian Countries, 2000 and 2012 (% of GDP) -- 1.4 GDP Growth and Inflation, 2000-2013 (%) -- 1.5 Growth of Money Supply and Fiscal Balance, 2000-2013 (%) -- 1.6 GDP Growth and Change in the Exchange Rate, 2000-2012 -- 1.7 Official and Market KR/ Exchange Rates, 2006-2013 -- 1.8 Domestic Credit Provided by Banks and Growth of Total Loans, 2005-2013 -- 1.9 Health of the Banking Sector, 2006-2012 (%) -- 1.10 Nonperforming Loans, 2005-2013 (%) -- 1.11 Government Expenditure by Function, 2001-2013 (% of total) -- 1.12 Overall Fiscal Balance in Selected Asian Countries, 1995-2013 (% of GDP) -- 1.13 Fiscal Deficit Financing, 2002-2012 (% of GDP) -- 1.14 Net Exports, 2000-2013 ( billion) -- 1.15 Balance of Payments, 1998-2012 (% of GDP) -- 1.16 Gross Reserves and Months of Import Coverage, 2005-2013 ( billion) -- 1.17 Shares of Major Production Sectors in GDP, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.18 Contribution to Total Output Growth by Major Production Sector, 1995-2013 (percentage points) -- 1.19 Agriculture Employment in Selected Asian Countries, 1998-2012 (% of total employment) -- 1.20 Agriculture Output and Employment Growth, 1995-2012 (%) -- 1.21 Agriculture Subsectors, 1995-2010 (% of total agriculture output) -- 1.22 Farming Subsector and Agriculture Growth, 1995-2010 (%) -- 1.23 Agriculture Value Added per Worker, 1995-2012 (constant 2005 ) -- 1.24 Cereal Yield, 1995-2013 (kilograms per hectare) -- 1.25 Agriculture Subsectors' Contribution to Agriculture Growth, 1995-2010 (%) -- 1.26 Output of Major Agriculture Products, 2000-2013 (tons) -- 1.27 Production of Fisheries Subsectors, 2000-2013 -- 1.28 Growth of Agriculture and its Subsectors, 1995-2010 (%).

1.29 Industry's Shares of Total Output and Growth rate, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.30 Industry Subsectors' Share of Total Industry Output, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.31 Contribution of Subsectors to Industry Growth, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.32 Contribution of Subsectors to Manufacturing Growth, 1995-2010, (%) -- 1.33 Exports of Garments, Textiles, and Footwear, 2001-2013 ( billion) -- 1.34 Major Markets for Garments, Textiles, and Footwear Exports, 2001-2013 (% of value) -- 1.35 Exports by Commodity, 2002-2012 (% of value) -- 1.36 Services Subsectors' Contribution to Services Growth, 1995-2013 (%) -- 1.37 Tourism Industry, 1995-2013 -- 1.38 Contribution of the Travel and Tourism Industry to Employment, 1995-2013 -- 1.39 Total Annual Visitor Arrivals to Cambodia, 1995-2013 ('000 arrivals) -- 1.40 International Visitor Arrivals in ASEAN by Country Shares, 2000-2012 (%) -- 1.41 Visitor Arrivals in Cambodia, by Major Geographic Region, 2006-2013 -- 1.42 Tourism Competitiveness Ranks of ASEAB Countries, 2008 and 2013 -- 1.43 Elements of Cambodia's Tourism Competitiveness: Scores in 2008 and 2013 -- 1.44 Competitiveness in Tourism Infrastructure -- 1.45 Poverty Rates, 2004 and 2009 (%) -- 1.46 Poverty Incidence by Province, 2009 (%) -- 1.47 Income Inequality in Selected Asian Countries, Latest Year Available (%) -- 1.48 Income Distribution by Quintile, 2004 and 2009 -- 2.1 Social Return on Investment in ASEAN Countries, 1995-2013 (%) -- 2.2 Expenditure on Education, 1995-2013 (% of GDP) -- 2.3 Education Expenditure in Cambodia -- 2.4 Gross Enrollment Ratios in Preprimary Education, Selected ASEAN Countries, 2012 (%) -- 2.5 Repetition and Dropout Rates in Various Levels, SY2008/2009 and sy2012/2013 (%) -- 2.6 Repetition Rates at the Primary Level, Selected ASEAN Countries (%) -- 2.7 Number of Higher Education Institutes, 2001-2010.

2.8 Education Level and Experience Required by Employers -- 2.9 Skills Gaps among Workers (%) -- 2.10 Global Competitiveness: Infrastructure Scores in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2013 -- 2.11 Access to Electricity in Selected Asian Countries, 2011 (% of population) -- 2.12 Average Electricity Tariffs in ASEAN Countries (US cents/kWh) -- 2.13 Expenditure on Transport and Communications, 1995-2013 -- 2.14 Road Maintenance Budget, 2007-2012 ( million) -- 2.15 Passengers at Sihanoukville Port, 2001-2011 ('000) -- 2.16 Container Port Traffic, Southeast Asian Countries, 2007-2012 (TEU) -- 2.17 Freight and Passenger Train Services, 2000-2011 -- 2.18 Passenger Volume, Phnom Penh and Siem Reap International Airports, 2005-2013 (million) -- 2.19 Quality of Air Transport: Scores of Selected ASEAN Countries, 2013 -- 2.20 Fiscal Deficit, 1998-2013 (% of GDP) -- 2.21 Fiscal Deficit, Government Revenues and Expenditures: Selected ASEAN, 2013 (% of GDP) -- 2.22 Government Tax Revenue Sources, 2003-2012 (KR million) -- 2.23 Size of External Debt and Debt Service Ratio, 2001-2012 -- 2.24 Governance Indicators in ASEAN Countries, 2012 (percentile ranking) -- 2.25 Most Problematic Factors for Business, 2008-2009 and 2013-2014 -- 2.26 Control of Corruption in Southeast Asia, 1996-2012 (percentile rank) -- 2.27 Rule of Law in ASEAN Countries, 1996-2012 (percentile ranking) -- 2.28 Distance to Frontier, Doing Business 2008 and 2014 Reports -- 2.29 Gross Domestic Savings in Selected Asian Countries, 1995-2012 (% of GDP) -- 2.30 Savings and Investment, 1995-2012 (% of GDP) -- 2.31 Domestic Credit in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2000-2013 (% of gDP) -- 2.32 Interest Rate Spread in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2000-2012 (percentage points) -- 2.33 Deposit Rates in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2000-2012 (%) -- 2.34 Lending Rates in Selected ASEAN Countries, 2000-2013 (%).

3.1 Diagnostics Framework for Constraints to Reducing Poverty and Inequality -- 3.2 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Location and Sex, 2007-2013 (%) -- 3.3 Employment Status, by Location, 2007-2013 (%) -- 3.4 Informal Employment and underemployment, by Area, Sex, Age Group, and Education Level, 2013 (%) -- 3.5 Growth in GDP per Person Employed, 1990-2012 (constant 1990 PPP '000) -- 3.6 Share of Employment by Sector, 2007-2013 (%) -- 3.7 Employment by Sector and Province, 2013 (%) -- 3.8 Educational Attainment of People Aged 15 and Over, Employed and Unemployed, 2013 (%) -- 3.9 Adult Literacy Rates in Selected ASEAN Countries, Latest Year Available (%) -- 3.10 Net Enrollment Rates, 2006-2013 (%) -- 3.11 Net Enrollment Rates, by Province, 2013 (%) -- 3.12 Reasons for Not Attending School, 6-17 Years Old, 2009 and 2013 (%) -- 3.13 Reasons for Not Attending School, 6-17 Years Old, by Gender, 2013 (%) -- 3.14 Public Expenditure on Education in ASEAN Countries, Early 2000 and Latest Data (% of GDP) -- 3.15 Expenditure per Primary and Secondary Student in Selected Asian Countries, Early 2000 and Latest Data (% of GDP per capita) -- 3.16 Primary Schools without Water and Toilets, 2013 (% of schools) -- 3.17 Student-Teacher Ratios, 2013 -- 3.18 Schools Not Providing a Full Curriculum, 2013 (%) -- 3.19 Leading Causes of Mortality in Cambodia, 2010 (per 100,000 people) -- 3.20 Nutritional Status of Children under 5 and Low Birth Weight Incidence, 2005-2010 (%) -- 3.21 Nutritional Status of Children in Selected Southeast Asian Countries, Latest Year (% of children under 5) -- 3.22 Prevalence of Undernourishment, 1990-2012 (% of population) -- 3.23 Physicians, Nurses, and Midwives, 2012 (per 1,000 people) -- 3.24 Household Health Expenditure, 2013 (%) -- 3.25 Percentage of the Population that Became Ill and Sought Consultation or Treatment, 2013.

3.26 Health-Seeking Behavior for First Treatment of Illness, by Province and Health Care Provider (% of population that became ill).

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