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Amphioxus Immunity : Tracing the Origins of Human Immunity.

By: Material type: TextTextPublisher: San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2015Copyright date: ©2016Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (306 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9780128096475
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Amphioxus ImmunityDDC classification:
  • 596.4
LOC classification:
  • QL611
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the Author -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 - Amphioxus as a Model for Understanding the Evolution of Vertebrates -- 1.1 - Brief introduction of amphioxus -- 1.2 - Biology of amphioxus -- 1.2.1 - Reproduction and embryogenesis of amphioxus -- 1.2.2 - Anatomy of amphioxus -- 1.3 - The story of amphioxus and early research studies in China -- References -- Chapter 2 - Basic Knowledge of Immunology -- 2.1 - Immune organs -- 2.1.1 - Primary lymphoid organs -- 2.1.1.1 - Bone marrow -- 2.1.1.2 - Thymus -- 2.1.2 - Secondary lymphoid organs -- 2.1.2.1 - Lymph nodes -- 2.1.2.2 - Spleen -- 2.1.2.3 - Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue -- 2.2 - Immune cells -- 2.2.1 - Lymphoid cells -- 2.2.1.1 - B cells -- 2.2.1.2 - T cells -- 2.2.1.3 - NK cells -- 2.2.2 - Innate immunity-associated cells -- 2.2.2.1 - Neutrophils -- 2.2.2.2 - Macrophages -- 2.2.2.3 - Dendritic cells -- 2.3 - Innate immunity -- 2.3.1 - Toll-like receptors involved in the signaling pathway -- 2.3.2 - NOD-like receptors and their functions -- 2.3.3 - RIG-like receptors -- 2.3.4 - C-type lectins -- 2.3.5 - The scavenger receptors -- 2.3.6 - Inflammation -- 2.4 - Adaptive immunity -- 2.4.1 - Specificity -- 2.4.2 - Diversity -- 2.4.3 - Immunological memory -- 2.4.4 - Self-nonself recognition -- 2.5 - Complement system -- 2.5.1 - Complement pathways -- 2.5.1.1 - Classical pathway -- 2.5.1.2 - Lectin pathway -- 2.5.1.3 - Alternative pathway -- 2.5.2 - Complement in host defense -- References -- Chapter 3 - Immune Organs and Cells of Amphioxus -- 3.1 - Introduction -- 3.2 - Organs of the amphioxus immune system -- 3.2.1 - Amphioxus gill slits: the first immune defense line -- 3.2.2 - Amphioxus intestine: not just a digestive organ but also an immune organ -- 3.3 - Cells of the amphioxus immune system.
3.3.1 - Phagocytes -- 3.3.2 - Lymphocyte-like cells -- References -- Chapter 4 - Genomic and Transcriptomic View of Amphioxus Immunity -- 4.1 - Introduction -- 4.2 - Trace evidence of adaptive immunity -- 4.2.1 - TCRs, Igs, VLRs, and the origins of RAG -- 4.2.2 - MHC and genes involved in antigen presentation -- 4.3 - Extraordinary gene expansion in amphioxus innate immunity -- 4.3.1 - The TLR system -- 4.3.2 - The NLR system -- 4.3.3 - LRRIG proteins -- 4.3.4 - Other LRR-containing genes -- 4.3.5 - C-type lectins -- 4.3.6 - Scavenger receptors -- 4.3.7 - RIG-I-like helicases -- 4.3.8 - Complement-related receptors -- 4.3.9 - The TNF system -- 4.3.10 - Expansion and reshuffling of the death-fold domains -- 4.3.11 - Expansion of TIR adaptors, TRAFs, and initiator caspases -- 4.3.12 - Cytokines, kinases, and transcription factors -- 4.4 - Regulation of the amphioxus immune system -- 4.4.1 - Differential regulatory patterns between expanded gene families -- 4.4.2 - The regulation during bacterial infection -- 4.4.3 - The regulation of the terminal signaling network -- 4.4.4 - Differential expression patterns observed within TNF and IL-1R systems -- 4.4.5 - Major pathways in a complex signaling network -- 4.4.6 - A functional prototypic complement system -- 4.4.7 - The prototype of the oxidative burst-like system -- 4.4.8 - Amphioxus PGRPs and GNBPs as important effectors in the gut -- 4.4.9 - Chitin-binding proteins -- 4.4.10 - Other effector genes -- 4.5 - Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5 - Pattern Recognition System in Amphioxus -- 5.1 - TLR signaling pathway in amphioxus -- 5.1.1 - Overview -- 5.1.2 - TLR family in amphioxus -- 5.1.3 - TIR containing adaptors in amphioxus -- 5.1.3.1 - Amphioxus MyD88 -- 5.1.3.2 - Amphioxus TICAM -- 5.1.3.3 - Amphioxus SARM -- 5.1.4 - Novel TIR adaptors act as negative regulators in amphioxus TLR signaling.
5.1.5 - Transduction and regulation of amphioxus TLR signaling -- 5.1.5.1 - Amphioxus TRAF family -- 5.1.5.2 - The RIP1 protein in amphioxus TLR signaling -- 5.1.5.3 - The kinase complex in amphioxus TLR signaling -- 5.1.5.4 - The ABINs and the cooperators in amphioxus TLR signaling -- 5.1.6 - Summary -- 5.2 - Innate antiviral immunity in amphioxus -- 5.2.1 - RLR signaling pathway -- 5.2.2 - Innate antiviral defense in Drosophila -- 5.2.3 - Immune-related genes for antiviral response in amphioxus -- 5.3 - NLR signaling pathway -- 5.3.1 - NLR in amphioxus -- 5.3.2 - NLR diversity in amphioxus -- 5.3.3 - NLR signaling in amphioxus -- References -- Chapter 6 - Transcription Factors in Amphioxus -- 6.1 - NF-kB family members in amphioxus -- 6.2 - The interferon regulatory factor family in amphioxus -- 6.3 - The STATs in amphioxus -- 6.3.1 - The JAK-STAT pathway -- 6.3.2 - The JAK-STAT pathway in invertebrates -- 6.3.3 - The STAT family of mammals -- 6.3.4 - The structure and function of STATs in amphioxus -- 6.3.5 - Evolution -- References -- Chapter 7 - The Complement System of Amphioxus -- 7.1 - Introduction -- 7.2 - Tracing the evolutionary origin of the complement system -- 7.3 - The complement system of amphioxus -- 7.3.1 - The lectin pathway -- 7.3.1.1 - C1q activated-pathway -- 7.3.1.2 - Ficolin-activated pathway -- 7.3.2 - The alternative pathway -- 7.3.2.1 - Bf/C2-like family -- 7.3.3 - The terminal pathway -- References -- Chapter 8 - The Oxidative Burst System in Amphioxus -- 8.1 - Introduction -- 8.2 - NADPH oxidase 2 and the other NOX families -- 8.2.1 - NOX2 -- 8.2.2 - NOX4 -- 8.2.3 - NOX5 -- 8.2.4 - DUOX1 and DUOX2 -- 8.3 - NOX subunits and regulatory proteins -- 8.3.1 - p22phox -- 8.3.2 - Organizer subunit: p47phox -- 8.3.3 - Activator subunit: p67phox -- 8.3.4 - p40phox -- 8.4 - Functions of ROS generated by NADPH oxidases.
8.5 - Phagocytic respiratory burst (PRB) appears to couple with phagocytosis in the amphioxus gut epithelial lining cells -- References -- Chapter 9 - Immune Effectors in Amphioxus -- 9.1 - Galectin -- 9.2 - C-type lectin -- 9.3 - Peptidoglycan recognition protein -- 9.4 - Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein -- 9.5 - Chitin-binding protein -- 9.6 - Apextrin-like protein -- 9.7 - Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein -- 9.8 - Other effector genes -- References -- Chapter 10 - Evolution of Inflammation-Related Lipid Metabolism Pathway and Inflammatory Lipid Signaling in Amphioxus -- 10.1 - Introduction -- 10.2 - The classification, structure, and function of fatty acids and eicosanoids -- 10.3 - Origin of vertebrate eicosanoid production -- 10.3.1 - Origin of vertebrate COX pathway -- 10.3.2 - Origin of LOX pathway -- 10.3.3 - Origin of the CYP450 pathway -- 10.3.4 - Expression pattern and distribution of eicosanoid in amphioxus -- 10.3.5 - Downstream signaling and AA metabolism in inflammation -- References -- Chapter 11 - Apoptosis in Amphioxus -- 11.1 - Apoptosis in mammals -- 11.2 - Apoptosis-related gene families in amphioxus -- 11.2.1 - Apaf-1 and Bcl2 homologs in amphioxus -- 11.2.2 - The caspase family in amphioxus -- 11.2.3 - The TRAIL-DR apoptosis system -- 11.2.4 - Perspectives - the death domain superfamily: a tale of two interfaces -- References -- Chapter 12 - Primitive Adaptive Immune System of Amphioxus -- 12.1 - Evidence of the emergence of adaptive immunity in amphioxus -- 12.1.1 - Lymphocyte-like cells and related genes in amphioxus -- 12.1.1.1 - Cellular evidence for lymphocytes in amphioxus -- 12.1.1.2 - Evidence supporting lymphocyte development and signal transduction -- 12.2 - The primary building blocks for MHC and Rag protein -- 12.2.1 - An antecedent MHC-linked genomic region.
12.2.2 - The common ancestor of RAG 1- and RAG 2-like genes -- 12.3 - Alternative forms of variable immune receptors -- 12.3.1 - Amphioxus candidates for adaptive immune receptors -- 12.3.1.1 - Amphioxus: VCBP -- 12.3.1.2 - VCP -- 12.3.2 - Other variable receptors in invertebrates -- 12.3.2.1 - FREPs in snail -- 12.3.2.2 - Dscam in Drosophila -- 12.3.2.3 - IgSF in Agnatha -- 12.4 - Closing remark -- References -- Chapter 13 - Future Research Directions -- 13.1 - Ubiquitination of immune signaling in amphioxus -- 13.1.1 - Posttranslational modification of immune response in mammals -- 13.1.2 - Ubiquitination of immune regulation in Drosophila -- 13.1.3 - Ubiquitination of immune regulation in amphioxus -- 13.2 - The microRNAs in amphioxus -- 13.3 - Alternative 3' UTRs in the amphioxus immune response -- References -- Abbreviation Index -- Subject index -- Back Cover.
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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the Author -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 - Amphioxus as a Model for Understanding the Evolution of Vertebrates -- 1.1 - Brief introduction of amphioxus -- 1.2 - Biology of amphioxus -- 1.2.1 - Reproduction and embryogenesis of amphioxus -- 1.2.2 - Anatomy of amphioxus -- 1.3 - The story of amphioxus and early research studies in China -- References -- Chapter 2 - Basic Knowledge of Immunology -- 2.1 - Immune organs -- 2.1.1 - Primary lymphoid organs -- 2.1.1.1 - Bone marrow -- 2.1.1.2 - Thymus -- 2.1.2 - Secondary lymphoid organs -- 2.1.2.1 - Lymph nodes -- 2.1.2.2 - Spleen -- 2.1.2.3 - Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue -- 2.2 - Immune cells -- 2.2.1 - Lymphoid cells -- 2.2.1.1 - B cells -- 2.2.1.2 - T cells -- 2.2.1.3 - NK cells -- 2.2.2 - Innate immunity-associated cells -- 2.2.2.1 - Neutrophils -- 2.2.2.2 - Macrophages -- 2.2.2.3 - Dendritic cells -- 2.3 - Innate immunity -- 2.3.1 - Toll-like receptors involved in the signaling pathway -- 2.3.2 - NOD-like receptors and their functions -- 2.3.3 - RIG-like receptors -- 2.3.4 - C-type lectins -- 2.3.5 - The scavenger receptors -- 2.3.6 - Inflammation -- 2.4 - Adaptive immunity -- 2.4.1 - Specificity -- 2.4.2 - Diversity -- 2.4.3 - Immunological memory -- 2.4.4 - Self-nonself recognition -- 2.5 - Complement system -- 2.5.1 - Complement pathways -- 2.5.1.1 - Classical pathway -- 2.5.1.2 - Lectin pathway -- 2.5.1.3 - Alternative pathway -- 2.5.2 - Complement in host defense -- References -- Chapter 3 - Immune Organs and Cells of Amphioxus -- 3.1 - Introduction -- 3.2 - Organs of the amphioxus immune system -- 3.2.1 - Amphioxus gill slits: the first immune defense line -- 3.2.2 - Amphioxus intestine: not just a digestive organ but also an immune organ -- 3.3 - Cells of the amphioxus immune system.

3.3.1 - Phagocytes -- 3.3.2 - Lymphocyte-like cells -- References -- Chapter 4 - Genomic and Transcriptomic View of Amphioxus Immunity -- 4.1 - Introduction -- 4.2 - Trace evidence of adaptive immunity -- 4.2.1 - TCRs, Igs, VLRs, and the origins of RAG -- 4.2.2 - MHC and genes involved in antigen presentation -- 4.3 - Extraordinary gene expansion in amphioxus innate immunity -- 4.3.1 - The TLR system -- 4.3.2 - The NLR system -- 4.3.3 - LRRIG proteins -- 4.3.4 - Other LRR-containing genes -- 4.3.5 - C-type lectins -- 4.3.6 - Scavenger receptors -- 4.3.7 - RIG-I-like helicases -- 4.3.8 - Complement-related receptors -- 4.3.9 - The TNF system -- 4.3.10 - Expansion and reshuffling of the death-fold domains -- 4.3.11 - Expansion of TIR adaptors, TRAFs, and initiator caspases -- 4.3.12 - Cytokines, kinases, and transcription factors -- 4.4 - Regulation of the amphioxus immune system -- 4.4.1 - Differential regulatory patterns between expanded gene families -- 4.4.2 - The regulation during bacterial infection -- 4.4.3 - The regulation of the terminal signaling network -- 4.4.4 - Differential expression patterns observed within TNF and IL-1R systems -- 4.4.5 - Major pathways in a complex signaling network -- 4.4.6 - A functional prototypic complement system -- 4.4.7 - The prototype of the oxidative burst-like system -- 4.4.8 - Amphioxus PGRPs and GNBPs as important effectors in the gut -- 4.4.9 - Chitin-binding proteins -- 4.4.10 - Other effector genes -- 4.5 - Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5 - Pattern Recognition System in Amphioxus -- 5.1 - TLR signaling pathway in amphioxus -- 5.1.1 - Overview -- 5.1.2 - TLR family in amphioxus -- 5.1.3 - TIR containing adaptors in amphioxus -- 5.1.3.1 - Amphioxus MyD88 -- 5.1.3.2 - Amphioxus TICAM -- 5.1.3.3 - Amphioxus SARM -- 5.1.4 - Novel TIR adaptors act as negative regulators in amphioxus TLR signaling.

5.1.5 - Transduction and regulation of amphioxus TLR signaling -- 5.1.5.1 - Amphioxus TRAF family -- 5.1.5.2 - The RIP1 protein in amphioxus TLR signaling -- 5.1.5.3 - The kinase complex in amphioxus TLR signaling -- 5.1.5.4 - The ABINs and the cooperators in amphioxus TLR signaling -- 5.1.6 - Summary -- 5.2 - Innate antiviral immunity in amphioxus -- 5.2.1 - RLR signaling pathway -- 5.2.2 - Innate antiviral defense in Drosophila -- 5.2.3 - Immune-related genes for antiviral response in amphioxus -- 5.3 - NLR signaling pathway -- 5.3.1 - NLR in amphioxus -- 5.3.2 - NLR diversity in amphioxus -- 5.3.3 - NLR signaling in amphioxus -- References -- Chapter 6 - Transcription Factors in Amphioxus -- 6.1 - NF-kB family members in amphioxus -- 6.2 - The interferon regulatory factor family in amphioxus -- 6.3 - The STATs in amphioxus -- 6.3.1 - The JAK-STAT pathway -- 6.3.2 - The JAK-STAT pathway in invertebrates -- 6.3.3 - The STAT family of mammals -- 6.3.4 - The structure and function of STATs in amphioxus -- 6.3.5 - Evolution -- References -- Chapter 7 - The Complement System of Amphioxus -- 7.1 - Introduction -- 7.2 - Tracing the evolutionary origin of the complement system -- 7.3 - The complement system of amphioxus -- 7.3.1 - The lectin pathway -- 7.3.1.1 - C1q activated-pathway -- 7.3.1.2 - Ficolin-activated pathway -- 7.3.2 - The alternative pathway -- 7.3.2.1 - Bf/C2-like family -- 7.3.3 - The terminal pathway -- References -- Chapter 8 - The Oxidative Burst System in Amphioxus -- 8.1 - Introduction -- 8.2 - NADPH oxidase 2 and the other NOX families -- 8.2.1 - NOX2 -- 8.2.2 - NOX4 -- 8.2.3 - NOX5 -- 8.2.4 - DUOX1 and DUOX2 -- 8.3 - NOX subunits and regulatory proteins -- 8.3.1 - p22phox -- 8.3.2 - Organizer subunit: p47phox -- 8.3.3 - Activator subunit: p67phox -- 8.3.4 - p40phox -- 8.4 - Functions of ROS generated by NADPH oxidases.

8.5 - Phagocytic respiratory burst (PRB) appears to couple with phagocytosis in the amphioxus gut epithelial lining cells -- References -- Chapter 9 - Immune Effectors in Amphioxus -- 9.1 - Galectin -- 9.2 - C-type lectin -- 9.3 - Peptidoglycan recognition protein -- 9.4 - Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein -- 9.5 - Chitin-binding protein -- 9.6 - Apextrin-like protein -- 9.7 - Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein -- 9.8 - Other effector genes -- References -- Chapter 10 - Evolution of Inflammation-Related Lipid Metabolism Pathway and Inflammatory Lipid Signaling in Amphioxus -- 10.1 - Introduction -- 10.2 - The classification, structure, and function of fatty acids and eicosanoids -- 10.3 - Origin of vertebrate eicosanoid production -- 10.3.1 - Origin of vertebrate COX pathway -- 10.3.2 - Origin of LOX pathway -- 10.3.3 - Origin of the CYP450 pathway -- 10.3.4 - Expression pattern and distribution of eicosanoid in amphioxus -- 10.3.5 - Downstream signaling and AA metabolism in inflammation -- References -- Chapter 11 - Apoptosis in Amphioxus -- 11.1 - Apoptosis in mammals -- 11.2 - Apoptosis-related gene families in amphioxus -- 11.2.1 - Apaf-1 and Bcl2 homologs in amphioxus -- 11.2.2 - The caspase family in amphioxus -- 11.2.3 - The TRAIL-DR apoptosis system -- 11.2.4 - Perspectives - the death domain superfamily: a tale of two interfaces -- References -- Chapter 12 - Primitive Adaptive Immune System of Amphioxus -- 12.1 - Evidence of the emergence of adaptive immunity in amphioxus -- 12.1.1 - Lymphocyte-like cells and related genes in amphioxus -- 12.1.1.1 - Cellular evidence for lymphocytes in amphioxus -- 12.1.1.2 - Evidence supporting lymphocyte development and signal transduction -- 12.2 - The primary building blocks for MHC and Rag protein -- 12.2.1 - An antecedent MHC-linked genomic region.

12.2.2 - The common ancestor of RAG 1- and RAG 2-like genes -- 12.3 - Alternative forms of variable immune receptors -- 12.3.1 - Amphioxus candidates for adaptive immune receptors -- 12.3.1.1 - Amphioxus: VCBP -- 12.3.1.2 - VCP -- 12.3.2 - Other variable receptors in invertebrates -- 12.3.2.1 - FREPs in snail -- 12.3.2.2 - Dscam in Drosophila -- 12.3.2.3 - IgSF in Agnatha -- 12.4 - Closing remark -- References -- Chapter 13 - Future Research Directions -- 13.1 - Ubiquitination of immune signaling in amphioxus -- 13.1.1 - Posttranslational modification of immune response in mammals -- 13.1.2 - Ubiquitination of immune regulation in Drosophila -- 13.1.3 - Ubiquitination of immune regulation in amphioxus -- 13.2 - The microRNAs in amphioxus -- 13.3 - Alternative 3' UTRs in the amphioxus immune response -- References -- Abbreviation Index -- Subject index -- Back Cover.

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