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The Health of Populations : Beyond Medicine.

By: Material type: TextTextPublisher: San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2015Copyright date: ©2016Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (528 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9780128028131
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: The Health of PopulationsDDC classification:
  • 614.4/2
LOC classification:
  • RA792
Online resources:
Contents:
Front Cover -- The Health of Populations: Beyond Medicine -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- About the Author -- Preface -- Part 1: The Science of Health -- Chapter 1: The Origins of Health -- 1.1. What is Health? -- 1.1.1. Definition of Health: World Health Organization -- 1.2. What Makes Humans Healthy? -- 1.2.1. The McKeown Thesis -- 1.2.2. Tuberculosis -- 1.2.2.1. TB Today -- 1.2.2.2. TB Immunization -- 1.2.2.3. The Key to Successful TB Infection Control Lies in the Centuries-Old Past -- 1.2.3. The Broad Universality of the McKeown Thesis -- 1.3. Historical Causes of Increased Life Expectancy -- 1.3.1. The McKeown Thesis: Criticism, Challenge, and Vindication -- References -- Chapter 2: Current Patterns of Death and Disease -- 2.1. Current Main Causes of Death -- 2.2. Habits and Habitats Ancient and Modern -- 2.2.1. Nutritional Habits and Habitat -- 2.2.2. Physical Activity Habits and Habitat -- 2.2.3. Social Structure -- 2.3. Discordance Between Paleolithic and Modern Habits and Habitats -- 2.3.1. Niche Construction Theory -- 2.3.2. Learning and Ecosystem Engineering -- 2.4. What Is Healthcare For? The Preeminence of Behavioral Outcomes -- 2.4.1. Mortality -- 2.4.2. Morbidity -- References -- Chapter 3: Twelve Millennia of Changing Human Habits and Habitats -- 3.1. Epidemiologic Transition -- 3.2. Demographic Transition -- 3.3. Transitions in Transition -- 3.4. What Longevity Revolution? -- 3.4.1. The Quest for Immortality -- 3.4.2. Extraordinary Life Extension -- 3.5. Are Populations Healthier Now As Well As Longer Lived? -- 3.5.1. Quantifying the Burden of Disease: Summary Measures of Health -- 3.5.1.1. Differentiating Between the Urgent and the Important -- 3.5.2. Do Summary Measures of Health Measure Health? -- 3.6. Morbidity: Compression, Expansion, or Equilibrium?.
3.6.1. Predicting the Level of Morbidity Associated with Gains in Mortality -- 3.6.2. Current Evidence of Level of Morbidity Associated with Mortality Gains -- References -- Chapter 4: Biomedicine and Common Causes of Mortality and Morbidity -- 4.1. Road Traffic Injury and Biomedicine: The Relevance of Policy -- 4.1.1. Reducing the Level of Road Traffic Trauma -- 4.1.1.1. Successful Road Traffic Policy -- 4.1.1.2. Trends in Road Traffic Trauma -- 4.1.1.3. All Injuries -- 4.2. Cardiovascular Disease: The Leading Global Cause of Mortality and Morbidity -- 4.2.1. What Caused Recent Falls in Rates of Cardiovascular Deaths? -- 4.2.2. Health-Related Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease -- 4.2.2.1. Causes of Cardiovascular Disease -- 4.2.3. Relative Effectiveness of Risk Factor Reduction and Biomedical Intervention -- 4.2.4. Beyond Deaths Avoided to Life-years Gained -- 4.2.4.1. How Effective Are Specific Interventions? -- References -- Part 2: The Harm of Medicine -- What About the Good of Medicine? -- Reference -- Chapter 5: Medical Harm: What Is It and What Is the Extent? -- 5.1. Medical Harm: What Is It? -- 5.2. Serial Harm: Wayward Doctors and Malfunctioning Systems -- 5.2.1. Serial Murder -- 5.2.2. Nonfatal Serial Harm -- 5.2.3. Malfunctioning Medical Systems -- 5.3. To Err Is Human: Harm Caused in the Routine Practice of Medicine -- 5.3.1. The Shocking Extent of Medical Harm -- 5.3.1.1. Community Healthcare Settings -- 5.3.2. Harm Exceeds the Upper Limit of Previous Expectations -- 5.3.2.1. Why Does Medical Harm Go Largely Unnoticed? -- 5.3.3. What Do Patients Say? -- 5.3.3.1. Types of Patient-Reported Harm -- 5.4. To Err Is Human, but to Repeat the Error Is…Inevitable! -- 5.5. Is Medicine Safe? Is It Getting Safer? The Evidence Says "No" to Both Questions -- 5.5.1. The "Airline Crashes" of Healthcare.
5.6. Can Biomedical Healthcare Be Made Safe? -- References -- Chapter 6: Sources of Harm: Prescription Drugs, Surgery, and Infections -- 6.1. Harm from Prescription Drugs -- 6.1.1. Who Is Harmed by Prescription Drugs? -- 6.1.1.1. Unintentional Self-administered Drug Overdose -- 6.1.1.2. Where Is the Commitment to Solving the Problem of Harm from Prescription Drugs? -- 6.2. Harm from Surgery -- 6.2.1. Never Events -- 6.2.1.1. Retained Foreign Objects -- 6.2.1.2. Wrong-Site Surgery -- 6.2.2. Public Performance Indicators of Safety in Surgery -- 6.3. Healthcare-Associated Infection -- 6.3.1. Healthcare Hygiene -- 6.3.1.1. Infection Control -- 6.4. Multiple Drug Resistance -- 6.4.1. New MDR Threats -- 6.4.2. Animal Husbandry -- 6.5. Limiting Harm Due to Antibiotic Resistance -- 6.5.1. What Innovation? The Pipeline Is Empty -- 6.5.2. Antibiotic Stewardship -- 6.5.3. Isolation Practice -- 6.5.4. Moral Hazard and "Unintended" Consequences -- 6.5.5. Given Past Neglect, What Does the Future Hold? -- 6.5.5.1. Return of the Pre-antibiotic Era -- 6.5.6. An Outbreak Anywhere Is a Threat Everywhere -- References -- Chapter 7: The Commercial Culture of Medicine -- 7.1. The Myth of Safe and Effective Prescription Drugs -- 7.1.1. Disease Mongering: There Is Profit in Getting People to Believe They Are Sick -- 7.1.2. Pharmaceuticalization of Daily Life -- 7.1.3. Industry Entanglement with Clinical Practice Guidelines -- 7.1.3.1. Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest -- 7.2. Has Medicine Sold Out to Big Pharma? -- 7.2.1. "Free" Drug Samples -- 7.2.2. The Magic of Gifts Large and Small -- 7.2.2.1. The Psychology of the Self-serving Bias and Social Reciprocity -- 7.2.3. Continuing Medical Education -- 7.2.4. Patient Advocacy and Charity -- 7.3. What Doctors Do (and Dont Do) to Limit Harmful Commercialism in Clinical Practice -- 7.3.1. Unhappy Doctors.
7.3.2. Conflict of Interest, Self-regulation, and Professional Integrity -- 7.3.2.1. Codes of Professional Conduct -- 7.3.3. Professional Ethics: What Are They For? -- References -- Chapter 8: Big Pharma Entanglement with Biomedical Science -- 8.1. Science in the Service of Industry: The Loss of Scientific Integrity in Biomedical Research -- 8.1.1. Drug Testing -- 8.2. Partners in Crime -- 8.2.1. Public-Private Partnership -- 8.2.2. Industry and the Biomedical Research Establishment -- 8.3. Manufacturing Bias in Scientific Research -- 8.3.1. Manipulating the Comparator -- 8.3.2. Salami Slicing, Selective Reporting, and Science Spin -- 8.3.3. Cooking Science -- 8.3.4. "Seeding" Sold as Science -- 8.3.5. Ghostwriting Medical Research Fictions -- 8.4. Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research -- References -- Chapter 9: The Charms and Harms of Personalized Medicine -- 9.1. Why Is Genomic Medicine Said to Be Personalized? -- 9.1.1. Biological Exceptionalism and ``Ultimate´´ Causes -- 9.1.2. Public Funding for Health Research -- 9.2. What Is the Efficacy of Personalized Medicine Now and What Is It Likely to Be? -- 9.2.1. Genetic Testing -- 9.3. To Screen or Not to Screen? Why Is That a Question? -- 9.3.1. Some Basics About Screening -- 9.3.2. The Elusive Benefits and Substantial Harms of Screening -- 9.3.2.1. Cervical Cancer -- 9.3.2.2. Breast Cancer -- 9.3.2.3. Prostate Cancer -- 9.3.3. Genetic Screening -- 9.4. The Genome Is but One Piece of the Heterogeneous Mosaic of Life -- 9.4.1. Big Data -- 9.4.1.1. That Pesky Problem of Chance -- 9.4.1.2. The Inverse Care Law -- 9.4.1.3. The Inverse Benefit Law -- 9.4.2. At Risk of Being at Risk -- 9.4.2.1. The Great Statin Controversy -- 9.4.2.2. The Polypill Puzzle -- 9.4.2.3. Preventive Personalized Medicine -- 9.5. Genomic Personalized Medicine: Future Prospects and Legacy -- References.
Part 3: Achieving Optimal Health Sustainably -- Chapter 10: Healing Practices and Evidence-Based Medicine -- 10.1. The Nature of Healing -- 10.1.1. Healing Practices -- 10.2. Evidence-Based Medicine -- 10.2.1. Evidence-Based Practice Versus Clinical Autonomy -- 10.2.2. Internal Versus External Validity -- 10.2.3. The Cochrane Program -- 10.2.4. Where the Middle Ground Lies -- 10.2.5. Escalating Healthcare Expenditure -- 10.3. Unwelcome Discoveries: Established Interventions That Dont Work -- 10.3.1. Surgery -- 10.3.1.1. Osteoarthritic Knee Surgery -- 10.3.1.2. Spinal-Fusion Surgery -- References -- Chapter 11: Placebo and the Therapeutic Process -- 11.1. The Placebo: Powerful, Powerless, or Passé? -- 11.1.1. Placebo Versus No Treatment -- 11.1.2. What is Placebo and What is It Not? -- 11.1.2.1. What Placebo is Not -- 11.1.2.2. The Placebo as Simulated Therapy -- 11.1.2.3. Practitioner Expectations -- 11.1.3. The Biopsychosocial Nature of Placebos -- 11.1.4. Is the Placebo Effect in the Brain? -- 11.1.5. The Future of the Placebo -- 11.2. The Therapeutic Process -- 11.2.1. General Therapeutic Effects -- 11.3. Why Do Practitioners Use Interventions That Have No Specific Benefit? -- 11.3.1. Complementary and Alternative Medicine -- 11.3.2. Physician-Patient Relationship -- 11.3.3. Integrative Medicine -- References -- Chapter 12: Prevention and Control of Disease -- 12.1. The Power of Prevention: Reorienting Healthcare -- 12.1.1. Incidence and Prevalence -- 12.1.2. What Is Prevention and What Is It Not? -- 12.1.2.1. Primary and Secondary Prevention -- 12.1.3. Prevention Versus Control -- 12.1.4. The Prevention Paradox -- 12.1.5. Disease Is Continuous Not Dichotomous -- 12.1.5.1. Prevention Lag Time -- 12.1.6. Life-course Health -- 12.1.7. Is Primary Care Preventive? -- 12.1.7.1. Routine Health Checks -- References.
Chapter 13: Associated Prevention Concepts and Models.
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Front Cover -- The Health of Populations: Beyond Medicine -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- About the Author -- Preface -- Part 1: The Science of Health -- Chapter 1: The Origins of Health -- 1.1. What is Health? -- 1.1.1. Definition of Health: World Health Organization -- 1.2. What Makes Humans Healthy? -- 1.2.1. The McKeown Thesis -- 1.2.2. Tuberculosis -- 1.2.2.1. TB Today -- 1.2.2.2. TB Immunization -- 1.2.2.3. The Key to Successful TB Infection Control Lies in the Centuries-Old Past -- 1.2.3. The Broad Universality of the McKeown Thesis -- 1.3. Historical Causes of Increased Life Expectancy -- 1.3.1. The McKeown Thesis: Criticism, Challenge, and Vindication -- References -- Chapter 2: Current Patterns of Death and Disease -- 2.1. Current Main Causes of Death -- 2.2. Habits and Habitats Ancient and Modern -- 2.2.1. Nutritional Habits and Habitat -- 2.2.2. Physical Activity Habits and Habitat -- 2.2.3. Social Structure -- 2.3. Discordance Between Paleolithic and Modern Habits and Habitats -- 2.3.1. Niche Construction Theory -- 2.3.2. Learning and Ecosystem Engineering -- 2.4. What Is Healthcare For? The Preeminence of Behavioral Outcomes -- 2.4.1. Mortality -- 2.4.2. Morbidity -- References -- Chapter 3: Twelve Millennia of Changing Human Habits and Habitats -- 3.1. Epidemiologic Transition -- 3.2. Demographic Transition -- 3.3. Transitions in Transition -- 3.4. What Longevity Revolution? -- 3.4.1. The Quest for Immortality -- 3.4.2. Extraordinary Life Extension -- 3.5. Are Populations Healthier Now As Well As Longer Lived? -- 3.5.1. Quantifying the Burden of Disease: Summary Measures of Health -- 3.5.1.1. Differentiating Between the Urgent and the Important -- 3.5.2. Do Summary Measures of Health Measure Health? -- 3.6. Morbidity: Compression, Expansion, or Equilibrium?.

3.6.1. Predicting the Level of Morbidity Associated with Gains in Mortality -- 3.6.2. Current Evidence of Level of Morbidity Associated with Mortality Gains -- References -- Chapter 4: Biomedicine and Common Causes of Mortality and Morbidity -- 4.1. Road Traffic Injury and Biomedicine: The Relevance of Policy -- 4.1.1. Reducing the Level of Road Traffic Trauma -- 4.1.1.1. Successful Road Traffic Policy -- 4.1.1.2. Trends in Road Traffic Trauma -- 4.1.1.3. All Injuries -- 4.2. Cardiovascular Disease: The Leading Global Cause of Mortality and Morbidity -- 4.2.1. What Caused Recent Falls in Rates of Cardiovascular Deaths? -- 4.2.2. Health-Related Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease -- 4.2.2.1. Causes of Cardiovascular Disease -- 4.2.3. Relative Effectiveness of Risk Factor Reduction and Biomedical Intervention -- 4.2.4. Beyond Deaths Avoided to Life-years Gained -- 4.2.4.1. How Effective Are Specific Interventions? -- References -- Part 2: The Harm of Medicine -- What About the Good of Medicine? -- Reference -- Chapter 5: Medical Harm: What Is It and What Is the Extent? -- 5.1. Medical Harm: What Is It? -- 5.2. Serial Harm: Wayward Doctors and Malfunctioning Systems -- 5.2.1. Serial Murder -- 5.2.2. Nonfatal Serial Harm -- 5.2.3. Malfunctioning Medical Systems -- 5.3. To Err Is Human: Harm Caused in the Routine Practice of Medicine -- 5.3.1. The Shocking Extent of Medical Harm -- 5.3.1.1. Community Healthcare Settings -- 5.3.2. Harm Exceeds the Upper Limit of Previous Expectations -- 5.3.2.1. Why Does Medical Harm Go Largely Unnoticed? -- 5.3.3. What Do Patients Say? -- 5.3.3.1. Types of Patient-Reported Harm -- 5.4. To Err Is Human, but to Repeat the Error Is…Inevitable! -- 5.5. Is Medicine Safe? Is It Getting Safer? The Evidence Says "No" to Both Questions -- 5.5.1. The "Airline Crashes" of Healthcare.

5.6. Can Biomedical Healthcare Be Made Safe? -- References -- Chapter 6: Sources of Harm: Prescription Drugs, Surgery, and Infections -- 6.1. Harm from Prescription Drugs -- 6.1.1. Who Is Harmed by Prescription Drugs? -- 6.1.1.1. Unintentional Self-administered Drug Overdose -- 6.1.1.2. Where Is the Commitment to Solving the Problem of Harm from Prescription Drugs? -- 6.2. Harm from Surgery -- 6.2.1. Never Events -- 6.2.1.1. Retained Foreign Objects -- 6.2.1.2. Wrong-Site Surgery -- 6.2.2. Public Performance Indicators of Safety in Surgery -- 6.3. Healthcare-Associated Infection -- 6.3.1. Healthcare Hygiene -- 6.3.1.1. Infection Control -- 6.4. Multiple Drug Resistance -- 6.4.1. New MDR Threats -- 6.4.2. Animal Husbandry -- 6.5. Limiting Harm Due to Antibiotic Resistance -- 6.5.1. What Innovation? The Pipeline Is Empty -- 6.5.2. Antibiotic Stewardship -- 6.5.3. Isolation Practice -- 6.5.4. Moral Hazard and "Unintended" Consequences -- 6.5.5. Given Past Neglect, What Does the Future Hold? -- 6.5.5.1. Return of the Pre-antibiotic Era -- 6.5.6. An Outbreak Anywhere Is a Threat Everywhere -- References -- Chapter 7: The Commercial Culture of Medicine -- 7.1. The Myth of Safe and Effective Prescription Drugs -- 7.1.1. Disease Mongering: There Is Profit in Getting People to Believe They Are Sick -- 7.1.2. Pharmaceuticalization of Daily Life -- 7.1.3. Industry Entanglement with Clinical Practice Guidelines -- 7.1.3.1. Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest -- 7.2. Has Medicine Sold Out to Big Pharma? -- 7.2.1. "Free" Drug Samples -- 7.2.2. The Magic of Gifts Large and Small -- 7.2.2.1. The Psychology of the Self-serving Bias and Social Reciprocity -- 7.2.3. Continuing Medical Education -- 7.2.4. Patient Advocacy and Charity -- 7.3. What Doctors Do (and Dont Do) to Limit Harmful Commercialism in Clinical Practice -- 7.3.1. Unhappy Doctors.

7.3.2. Conflict of Interest, Self-regulation, and Professional Integrity -- 7.3.2.1. Codes of Professional Conduct -- 7.3.3. Professional Ethics: What Are They For? -- References -- Chapter 8: Big Pharma Entanglement with Biomedical Science -- 8.1. Science in the Service of Industry: The Loss of Scientific Integrity in Biomedical Research -- 8.1.1. Drug Testing -- 8.2. Partners in Crime -- 8.2.1. Public-Private Partnership -- 8.2.2. Industry and the Biomedical Research Establishment -- 8.3. Manufacturing Bias in Scientific Research -- 8.3.1. Manipulating the Comparator -- 8.3.2. Salami Slicing, Selective Reporting, and Science Spin -- 8.3.3. Cooking Science -- 8.3.4. "Seeding" Sold as Science -- 8.3.5. Ghostwriting Medical Research Fictions -- 8.4. Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research -- References -- Chapter 9: The Charms and Harms of Personalized Medicine -- 9.1. Why Is Genomic Medicine Said to Be Personalized? -- 9.1.1. Biological Exceptionalism and ``Ultimate´´ Causes -- 9.1.2. Public Funding for Health Research -- 9.2. What Is the Efficacy of Personalized Medicine Now and What Is It Likely to Be? -- 9.2.1. Genetic Testing -- 9.3. To Screen or Not to Screen? Why Is That a Question? -- 9.3.1. Some Basics About Screening -- 9.3.2. The Elusive Benefits and Substantial Harms of Screening -- 9.3.2.1. Cervical Cancer -- 9.3.2.2. Breast Cancer -- 9.3.2.3. Prostate Cancer -- 9.3.3. Genetic Screening -- 9.4. The Genome Is but One Piece of the Heterogeneous Mosaic of Life -- 9.4.1. Big Data -- 9.4.1.1. That Pesky Problem of Chance -- 9.4.1.2. The Inverse Care Law -- 9.4.1.3. The Inverse Benefit Law -- 9.4.2. At Risk of Being at Risk -- 9.4.2.1. The Great Statin Controversy -- 9.4.2.2. The Polypill Puzzle -- 9.4.2.3. Preventive Personalized Medicine -- 9.5. Genomic Personalized Medicine: Future Prospects and Legacy -- References.

Part 3: Achieving Optimal Health Sustainably -- Chapter 10: Healing Practices and Evidence-Based Medicine -- 10.1. The Nature of Healing -- 10.1.1. Healing Practices -- 10.2. Evidence-Based Medicine -- 10.2.1. Evidence-Based Practice Versus Clinical Autonomy -- 10.2.2. Internal Versus External Validity -- 10.2.3. The Cochrane Program -- 10.2.4. Where the Middle Ground Lies -- 10.2.5. Escalating Healthcare Expenditure -- 10.3. Unwelcome Discoveries: Established Interventions That Dont Work -- 10.3.1. Surgery -- 10.3.1.1. Osteoarthritic Knee Surgery -- 10.3.1.2. Spinal-Fusion Surgery -- References -- Chapter 11: Placebo and the Therapeutic Process -- 11.1. The Placebo: Powerful, Powerless, or Passé? -- 11.1.1. Placebo Versus No Treatment -- 11.1.2. What is Placebo and What is It Not? -- 11.1.2.1. What Placebo is Not -- 11.1.2.2. The Placebo as Simulated Therapy -- 11.1.2.3. Practitioner Expectations -- 11.1.3. The Biopsychosocial Nature of Placebos -- 11.1.4. Is the Placebo Effect in the Brain? -- 11.1.5. The Future of the Placebo -- 11.2. The Therapeutic Process -- 11.2.1. General Therapeutic Effects -- 11.3. Why Do Practitioners Use Interventions That Have No Specific Benefit? -- 11.3.1. Complementary and Alternative Medicine -- 11.3.2. Physician-Patient Relationship -- 11.3.3. Integrative Medicine -- References -- Chapter 12: Prevention and Control of Disease -- 12.1. The Power of Prevention: Reorienting Healthcare -- 12.1.1. Incidence and Prevalence -- 12.1.2. What Is Prevention and What Is It Not? -- 12.1.2.1. Primary and Secondary Prevention -- 12.1.3. Prevention Versus Control -- 12.1.4. The Prevention Paradox -- 12.1.5. Disease Is Continuous Not Dichotomous -- 12.1.5.1. Prevention Lag Time -- 12.1.6. Life-course Health -- 12.1.7. Is Primary Care Preventive? -- 12.1.7.1. Routine Health Checks -- References.

Chapter 13: Associated Prevention Concepts and Models.

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