Environmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law.

Intro -- Environmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of the Book and Subject Matter -- 1.2 Overview of International and European Developments -- 1.2.1 The Scale of Environmental Criminality Worldwide and in Europe -- 1.2.2 Overview of International Declarations and Initiatives on Environmental Criminal Law -- 1.2.3 Overview of European Legislative Initiatives to Combat Environmental Crime -- 1.3 The Structure of the Book -- 2 The Role of the Criminal Law for the Protection of the Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Defining 'Environmental Crime' -- 2.2.1 Anthropocentric v Ecocentric Approaches to Defining Environmental Crime -- 2.3 Rationales for the Criminalisation of Environmental Offences -- 2.3.1 Retributive Notions -- 2.3.2 Utilitarian Notions -- 2.4 Alternatives to Criminal Liability -- 2.4.1 Differentiating the Criminal Law from other Liability Regimes -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 The Internationalisation of Environmental Criminal Law: Rationales, Basis and Prospects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Rationales for the Internationalisation of Environmental Criminal Law -- 3.3 The Rationales for Regionalisation of Environmental Criminal Law -- 3.4 The Basis for Environmental Criminal Liability under International Law -- 3.5 Conceptualising the Crime of 'Ecocide' -- 3.6 The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over International Environmental Crime -- 3.7 Criminalisation and Enforcement under Multilateral Environmental Agreements -- 3.8 Improving Inter-agency Cooperation Against Environmental Crime -- 3.9 Conclusions -- 4 The Degrees of Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Notion of Legal Harmonisation -- 4.3 The Degrees of Interstate Harmonisation of Criminal Law.

4.4 Approximation or Cooperation? The Principle of Mutual Recognition in eu Criminal Law -- 4.5 The Format of the Legal Instrument Harmonising Environmental Criminal Law: The Choice between Directives and Regulations -- 4.6 Direct and Indirect Effect of Environmental Crime Legislation -- 4.7 Approaches to Legislative Harmonisation -- 4.7.1 Positive and Negative Harmonisation -- 4.7.2 Total and Minimum Harmonisation in EU Environmental Law -- 4.8 Conclusions -- 5 The Competence to Harmonise Environmental Criminal Law in the European Union -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Competence of the European Union in the Environmental Law Field -- 5.3 The Choice of Legal Basis for Harmonisation of EU Environmental Law -- 5.4 The Creation of an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in the EU -- 5.5 The Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law at the Supranational Level - Pre-Lisbon Developments -- 5.5.1 The Environmental Crimes case -- 5.5.2 The Ship-Source Pollution case -- 5.6 The Lisbon Treaty and the Future of EU Environmental Criminal Law -- 5.6.1 Overview of changes to AFSJ -- 5.6.2 Possible Amendments to EU Environmental Crime Legislation Post-Lisbon -- 5.6.3 The Legal Basis of Future Acts of Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law in the EU -- 5.7 Legal Principles Limiting the Future Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law in the EU -- 5.7.1 The Principle of Legality -- 5.7.2 The Principles of Proportionality and Subsidiarity -- 5.7.3 The Principle of Necessity -- 5.7.4 The Principles of Equivalence and Effectiveness -- 5.7.5 The 'Seriousness' Requirement -- 5.8 Conclusions -- 6 The Harmonisation of Substantive Environmental Criminal Law and Penalties -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Criminal Offences -- 6.2.1 The Classification of Offences -- 6.2.2 The Types of Offences -- 6.3 Complicity -- 6.4 General Structure of the Criminal Offences.

6.4.1 The Mens Rea Requirement -- 6.4.2 The Threshold of Harm -- 6.5 The Range of Offences in the European Environmental Crime Legislation -- 6.5.1 Pollution-Control Offences -- 6.5.2 Biodiversity-Related Crimes -- 6.5.3 Trade in and Illegal Disposal of Hazardous Wastes and other Dangerous Substances or Organisms -- 6.5.4 International Organised Crime -- 6.5.5 Financial Crimes in Environmental and Natural Resources Markets -- 6.6 The Harmonisation of Corporate Criminal Liability Rules -- 6.7 Rules on Prosecution and Jurisdiction -- 6.8 The Harmonisation of Criminal Penalties -- 6.9 Conclusions -- 7 Could the Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law Improve the Enforcement of Environmental Law? -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Methodology Applied in the Chapter -- 7.3 Criminal v. Administrative and Civil Law -- 7.4 Assessing the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Mechanisms and Sanctions -- 7.5 General Structural Aspects of Enforcement: The Powers to Investigate, Prosecute and Adjudicate -- 7.5.1 Technical Expertise -- 7.5.2 Impartiality -- 7.5.3 Policing Powers -- 7.6 Procedural Aspects -- 7.6.1 Speed and Costs of Procedure -- 7.6.2 The Right to Initiate Proceedings -- 7.6.3 Discretionary/Bargaining Powers -- 7.6.4 Public Participation in Proceedings -- 7.6.5 Publicity of the Sanction and Degree of Social Blame -- 7.6.6 Procedural Guarantees -- 7.7 Conclusions on Comparative Analysis of Enforcement Mechanisms -- 7.8 Assessing the need for Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law -- 7.8.1 The Improvement of the Implementation Deficit of eu Environmental Law -- 7.8.2 The Creation of a Level-playing Field in the Common Market -- 7.8.3 The Facilitation of Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters in the Context of Trans-frontier Environmental Crime -- 7.9 Conclusions -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- Index.

Environmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law assesses the legal, theoretical and practical implications of interstate cooperation aimed at harmonising environmental criminal law standards. The book analyses the rationales for criminalisation of environmental offences and the approaches to harmonisation under specific European and international legal instruments.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.